Abstract: The invention relates to a method for positioning a pen in a recording device for recording the time profile of a measurement signal which can be connected. In order to implement the highest possible mapping accuracy of the measurement signal onto the recording signal at a low cost and with DC isolation between the measurement signal and drive means of the pen, it is proposed that the positioning error (300) be phase-width modulated, the pulse-width-modulated positioning error (400) be transmitted in a floating manner to a signal converter (70), and a control voltage for the electric motor (90) be determined using the signal converter (70) from the pulse-width-modulated positioning error (400) by normalizing the difference between the pulse duration and the pulse-pause duration, via the sum of the pulse duration and the pulse-pause duration.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the total content of organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) in water. The TOC value is correctly determined as the sum of the liquid, dissolved, and solid substances of a specimen of the water. The apparatus includes a NDIR gas analyzer for simultaneously measuring the concentration of CO.sub.2 and NO gas components with a phase separator, a thermal reactor, a condenser, and two amplifiers for the pneumatic signals of the receivers with an indicator for the measured TOC and TN concentrations. The specimen is split into a gaseous part and a liquid part in the phase separator. The gaseous part which essentially contains the inorganic fraction of carbon, the TIC fraction, in the form of CO.sub.2 gas is cooled in a condenser until a substantial fraction of its water vapor content is separated in the condenser by condensation. The dried gaseous part is directed via the comparison vessels as comparison gas.

Abstract: A circuit having a load connected to ground, a measuring resistor connected in series with the load; a current source feeding current into the load and the resistor, a different amplifier having one output connected to one end of the resistor and having its output connected to a summing point which is an input from the current source, a reference voltage source having one end connected to the summing point, is improved by an impedance converter having its input circuit connected to another end of the resistor and its output connected to another input for the differential amplifier, the latter output being further connected to an opposite end of the reference voltage source thus serving as floating ground for the reference source and the differential amplifier.

Abstract: A sampling device for sampling a corrosive medium, is comprised of an inner tube with a flange and an outer tube with a flange, both made of a synthetic material; a metallic tube with flange is interposed between the inner and outer tubes to serve as armoring in this coaxial synthetic tube arrangement; the flange of the metal tube grips around the flange of the outer tube; and a recess in one of the synthetic flanges exposes a portion of the metal flange of the intermediate tube as a support surface for a fastening structure.

Abstract: Compensation and calibration method for a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer which includes an infrared source of radiation, a measuring path, a reference path, modulation devices, a detector for differential pressure measuring, comprises the following steps: first and prior to measurement, the reference gas having a variable basic concentration in the measuring component is forced through the reference branch and through the measuring branch and the detector is set to a zero position; next a dual calibration chamber is placed into the two reference paths while both of them are still passed through by the reference gas, one of the calibration chambers including a particular concentration in the measuring gas the other one lacking that measuring gas; now the sensitivity and amplification of the detector that obtains as a result of changes in the radiation on account of placing the calibration chamber into the reference and measuring path is adjusted, whereupon the calibration chamber is removed, reference gas

Abstract: An interferometric device for the detection of substances having a periodic or quasiperiodic absorption structure of their absorption spectrum includes a source of radiation, a chamber containing the material to be investigated and a downstream detector, a thermo-optically effective and temperature controlled interference filter means is interposed, its thickness determines the spacing of interference transmission lines and temperature control shifts these lines.

Abstract: The photometer is calibrated by using a permanently built-in installation of four, similarly configured chambers in a good heat conducting carrier which is slidably interposed between sample and reference chambers on one hand and the detection structure on the other hand. One pair of these chambers is placed in the paths during measurement and is filled with inert gas, the other pair has one chamber filled with calibration gas, the other one with inert gas. All chambers are closed with similar windows.

Abstract: Interferometric equipment for detecting a substance having a structure preferably a periodic or quasiperiodic absorption spectrum; the equipment includes a source of radiation, a path for that radiation that includes a sample cell with the substance to be detected, an interference filter and a detector, and is improved in that the interference filter is constructed as an electrically tunable filter, including a plate or cell element with semitransparent reflective boundaries serving as electrodes; an electrical voltage is applied to said electrodes such that the transmission characteristics of the filter is varied and the amplitude of the voltage as applied to these electrodes is an indication of that variation; and the thickness of the plate or cell is selected to meet one of the following criteria (i) a distance between the interference lines produced equals a distance of absorption lines within a periodic absorption spectrum of said substance; (ii) the equipment causes a line to be separated from the radia

Abstract: The thermal conductivity in a gas blend is measured in order to determine concentration using several different temperatures for the gas but the same sensor, which includes a Silicon carrier of a few hundred micrometers thick and being provided with an electrically insulating layer; carrying a sputtered on or vapor deposited, meandershaped thin film resistance; a pit in the carrier underneath the resistance and the insulating layer, there being one or more perforations in the insulation to permit access of gas to the interior of the pit; a cover plate made also of silicon and of comparable thickness dimensions as the carrier, and also having a pit of comparable dimensions as the first mentioned pit is disposed above the carrier so that said pits are aligned and constitute a common measuring chamber; and a diffusion channel in the cover plate for feeding a gas through diffusion so that the measuring chamber is defined by the communicating pits.

Abstract: A single gas analyzer is used for analyzing the concentration of two gaseous components such as hydrogen and chlorine in a blend by responding to the chlorine content in the gas blend there being a UV-type reactor for the formation of hydrochloric acid and the operation is such that the gas to be analyzed alternates between a path in which the reaction has taken place and one in which such a reaction has not taken place, for directly measuring the concentration of the gas with a higher concentration and indirectly the concentration of the gas with the lower concentration by determining the depletion the reaction has caused in the higher concentration gas.

Abstract: Photometer with at least one measuring beam traversing a space that contains measuring gas is improved by a solid state detector made of a foil which is specifically made of polyvinyl-idene-fluoride or polyvinyl-fluoride or polyvinyl-chloride, and having an area, being at least as large as the cross-sectional area of the radiation that leaves the measuring and gas containing chamber; a measuring signal is extracted from the foil. The foil is preferably blackened and has a thickness between 6-10 micrometers.

Abstract: An infrared photometer having a measuring cuvette with entrance and exit windows and an output detector preferably made of polyvinylidenfluoride; a second infrared detector definitely made of polyvinylidenfluoride, being partially transmissive is disposed in front of the entrance window of the cuvette, and a selecting cuvette is insertible in front of this second detector.

Abstract: A infrared gas analyzer having measuring and reference chambers and receiving chambers respectively disposed on radiation exit sides of the measuring and reference chambers and being filled with a particular gas; a pressure communicating duct system including a particular chamber interconnects the two receiving chambers is partitioned by a foil of polyvinylidenfluoride being piezo electrically effective to generate an electrical signal on account of a pressure differential between the two receiving chambers, as indication of the concentration of the measuring gas, i.e., host gas that flows through the measuring chamber.

Abstract: A photometer includes a radiation source, a measuring chamber and a receiver, all arranged in a casing and through coupling-decoupling members definite temperature gradients are produced between the measuring chamber and the receiver-transmitter and other gradients through appropriate coupling members are established towards the cooled housing.

Abstract: A monitoring system for several process control stations includes a redundancy station having a central processing unit and an operating memory to take over the functions of a dropped out process control station. The takeover involves internal bus separation to separate auxiliary and long term storage facilities from immediate processing facilities in each of the process control stations so that upon separation of the latter from the former the redundancy station can effectively take over together with the peripheral equipment and auxiliary devices. The redundancy station cyclically monitors the operating state of the several process control stations and particularly tests status information contained in the particular buffer portion of each of the processing stations. Moreover, relevant data is copied into a standby buffer during each cyclic monitoring step to be used if, pursuant to the next reoccurring supervising and monitoring step, the particular process control station is found to be defective.

Abstract: The life of a low-pressure, hollow cathode lamp with an oxygen/nitrogen filling is extended by the inclusion of MnO.sub.2 which releases oxygen, thereby replenishing oxygen consumption in the lamp.

Abstract: A nondispersive, two-beam, infrared gas analyzer with two differently long measuring gas cells and differential detectors is improved by gilt detection cell interiors and absorbing rods in the detector cell which is in line with the shorter measuring gas cell. Adjustable absorption permits suppression of cross sensitivity errors.

Abstract: An optical information-bearing signal is regenerated by branching a portion off that signal while the remaining portion permanently bypasses the regeneration. The branched-off portion is converted into an electrical signal which is processed to regenerate, at a higher power level, the information in a manner which is dynamically invariant to a wide range of input level changes. The regenerated signal is superimposed upon the passed-through signal. A three-signal level encoding scheme is employed and the regeneration involves referencing the branched-off portion electrically against two thresholds in a manner which maintains a constant amplitude relation between the thresholds and the arithmetic average of the electrical signal representing the branched-off portion. The regenerating units are used in series and designed so that two or more in a row can drop out and still the signal can be regenerated by the next operational regeneration.

Abstract: A cylindrical vessel is provided with inlet and outlet tubes extending axis parallel, excentrically and diametrically opposed into the vessel from the top. The tubes have radial apertures and are closed on the bottom. A gamma ray detector sits also on the bottom. Blowing directly against the wall of the vessel is avoided and the resulting flow pattern is vortex-free and laminar to avoid stagnation zones.

Abstract: The cell is filled with an electrolyte but partitioned into two chambers, one of which contains a particular additive which will react with a component of a fluid, e.g. air; no such reaction occurs in the other chamber. The two electrodes are similarly configured and both permit contact between the fluid and the electrolyte so that any other electrochemical reactions occur to a similar degree on both electrodes.