Abstract: The invention provides an organic phase composition comprising: a. a first component selected from the group consisting of quaternary amines; b. a second component selected from: b1. The group consisting of category B organic acids; b2. The group consisting of a mixtures of category B organic acids and category C organic acids at a B/C molar ratio of RB/C; and b3. The group consisting of a mixtures of category A organic acids and category C organic acids at an A/C molar ratio of RA/C; c. a third component selected from the group consisting of solvents for said first component and for said second component, wherein (i) all three components are oil-soluble and water-insoluble; (ii) the molar concentration of each of said first component and said second component is greater than 0.6 mol/Kg; (iii) the molar ratio between said second component and said first component is greater than 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic phase composition comprising (f) a first solvent (S1) characterized by water solubility of less than 10% and by at least one of (a1) having a polarity related component of Hoy's cohesion parameter (delta-P) between 5 and 10 mPa1/2 and (b1) having a Hydrogen bonding related component of Hoy's cohesion parameter (delta-H) between 5 and 20 MPa1/2; (g) a second solvent (S2) characterized by water solubility of at least 30% and by at least one of (a2) having a delta-P greater than 8 MPa1/2 and (b2) having a delta-H greater than 12 MPa1/2; (h) water (i) HCl, and (j) a chloride salt.

Abstract: A method including: (a) contacting lime with an extract including an S1 solvent carrying a contaminant load to form a lime treated extract; and (b) reducing the contaminant load by removing solids.

Abstract: A method comprising: (a) providing a lignocellulosic substrate; (b) contacting said lignocellulosic substrate with an extractant comprising a water-soluble organic solvent to form an extracted substrate and a miscella; (c) removing miscella from said extracted substrate; and (d) hydrolyzing said extracted substrate using a chemically catalyzed process.

Abstract: A method for producing concentrated HCl vapor from an aqueous solution of HCl, including: (a) introducing an aqueous feed liquor to an evaporation chamber containing a mother liquor, the feed liquor having an initial, super-azeotropic HCl concentration; (b) directly contacting a liquor of these liquors with a heat-laden heat transfer fluid, to transfer heat from the fluid; (c) utilizing the heat to evaporate HCl, within the chamber, to produce the concentrated HCl vapor and to produce the mother liquor, the mother liquor including an aqueous phase having a reduced concentration of HCl, with respect to the initial HCl concentration; (d) subjecting the mother liquor to a liquid-liquid separation to produce a liquid phase containing HCl, and another liquid phase containing the heat transfer fluid in a heat-depleted state, with respect to the heat transfer fluid in step (b); (e) heating the heat transfer fluid in the heat-depleted state, to regenerate the heat-laden heat transfer fluid, and (f) returning this hea

Abstract: A method including: (a) selectively reacting a first sugar in a mixture which includes at least one second sugar to form a product mixture comprising a product of said first sugar; (b) separating said product of said first sugar from said product mixture; and (c) separating at least one of said at least one second sugar from said product mixture.

Abstract: A process for the co-production of gaseous HCl and a salt product comprising a cation and an anion, which process comprises the steps of a. providing an aqueous solution comprising protons, chloride anions, and cations and anions of the salt product, b. bringing the solution into contact with a substantially immiscible extractant, the extractant comprising: 1) an oil soluble amine, which amine is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form; and 2) a carrier solvent for the amine; whereupon HCl selectively transfers to the extractant to form an HCl-carrying extractant and a chloride depleted aqueous solution containing the salt product; c. separating the HCl-carrying extractant from the chloride-depleted aqueous solution; and d. distilling HCl from the separated HCl-carrying extractant to form gaseous HCl and HCl depleted extractant.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the recovery of HCI from a dilute solution thereof, comprising bringing a dilute aqueous HCI solution into contact with a substantially water-immiscible extractant, the extractant comprising an oil soluble amine, which amine is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form; an oil soluble weak organic acid having a pKa above 3, which acid is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form; and a solvent for the amine and organic acid; whereupon HCI selectively transfers to the extractant to form an HCI-carrying extractant, and treating the HCI-carrying extractant to obtain gaseous HCI. Also provided is the extractant composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the recovery of HCl from a dilute solution thereof, comprising: a) bringing a dilute aqueous HCl solution into contact with a substantially immiscible extractant, said extractant comprising: 1) an oil soluble amine which amine is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form; 2) an oil soluble organic acid which acid is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form; and 3) a solvent for the amine and organic acid; whereupon HCl selectively transfers to said extractant to form an HCl-carrying extractant; and b) treating said HCl-carrying extractant to obtain gaseous HCl.