Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for enhancing targeting of therapeutic compounds to, inter alia, the CNS applied via intranasal administration while reducing non-target exposure are provided. In certain embodiments, at least one vasoconstrictor is provided intranasally prior to intranasal administration of at least one therapeutic compound. In other embodiments, the vasoconstrictor(s) and therapeutic compound(s) are combined in a pharmaceutical composition and delivered intranasally. The present invention substantially increases targeting of the therapeutic compound(s) to, inter alia, the CNS while substantially reducing unwanted and potentially harmful systemic exposure. The preferred administration of the invention applies the vasoconstrictor(s) and/or therapeutic compound(s) to the upper third of the nasal cavity, though application to the lower two-thirds of the nasal cavity is also within the scope of the invention.

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of stoke, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Initially, a patient at risk for stroke is identified. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the at-risk patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods for treating the animal central nervous system for the effects of traumatic brain injury. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient suffering from traumatic brain injury. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for treating the traumatic brain injury.

Abstract: Methods for treating the animal central nervous system against the effects of spinal cord injury, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of progressive supranuclear palsy. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for, or diagnosed with, progressive supranuclear palsy. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating the progressive supranuclear palsy.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel formulations and methods for the improved delivery and administration of hydrophobic therapeutic compounds that are substantially insoluble and/or susceptible to precipitation in aqueous solution at physiological pH, including, e.g., growth and differentiation factor-5 and related proteins. Many therapeutic compounds are hydrophobic at physiological pH levels.

Abstract: Methods for treating the animal central nervous system against the effects of stoke, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the stroke patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of Huntington's disease. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for, or diagnosed with Huntington's disease. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating Huntingon's disease.

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning, treating and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of neurodegeneration caused by iron accumulation in the brain. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. An examplary therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for or diagnosed with neurodegeneration caused by iron accumulation in the brain. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating neurodegeneration caused by iron accumulation in the brain.

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of Lewy body syndrome. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for, or diagnosed with, Lewy body syndrome. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating the Lewy body syndrome.

Abstract: Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating neurodegeneration in patients diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease. Intranasal therapeutic agents, e.g., chelators, are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal systemic side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as metal chelators generally, including but not limited to iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of an agent that directly or indirectly affects a muscarinic receptor by administering a pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for protecting a pharmacological agent in a formulation, comprising combining the pharmacological agent with at least one pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of a neurologic agent by administering at least one pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of an agent that neither directly nor indirectly affects a muscarinic receptor by administering at least one pyrophosphate analog.

Abstract: Methods for treating the animal central nervous system against the effects of stoke, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the stroke patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods and compositions for protecting muscarinic receptor(s) in a subject from at least one carcinogenic or toxic metal by administration of a pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for preventing at least one disease induced or caused by metals compromising the function of muscarinic receptors in a subject by administration of a pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for reducing toxic action of metal ions and for reducing poisoning by metals by administering a pyrophosphate analog.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for protecting and treating a muscarinic receptor in an animal or plant from bacterial, fungal, algo or algae infections through administration of at least one pyrophosphate analog.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for enhancing cellular function through protection of a tissue components such receptors, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, hormones, vitamins, and cofactors, by administering pyrophosphate analogs or related compounds.

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of Lewy body syndrome. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for, or diagnosed with, Lewy body syndrome. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating the Lewy body syndrome.

Abstract: Methods for treating the animal central nervous system against the effects of spinal cord injury, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of stoke, including associated cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments. Initially, a patient at risk for stroke is identified. Effective amounts of therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the at-risk patient's nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of a therapeutic agent is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO).

Abstract: Methods for preconditioning and/or providing neuroprotection to the animal central nervous system against the effects of cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Therapeutic agents are administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system directly to avoid unwanted and potentially lethal side effects. Therapeutic agents include those substances that interact with iron and/or copper such as iron chelators, copper chelators, and antioxidants. A particular example of such therapeutic agents is the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). An effective amount of DFO may be administered to the upper third of the nasal cavity of a patient at risk for, or diagnosed with, cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The effective amount of DFO is delivered directly to the patient's central nervous system for preconditioning, preventing and/or treating the cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage.