Abstract: A fluid-permeable assembly for uniformly contacting a fluid with a bulk material has two mirror-symmetrically interfitting mats each having a generally planar fluid-permeable carrier web, another fluid-permeable web defining an array of protrusions uniformly distributed over the respective planar web and each forming a respective pocket and respective masses of a fluid-permeable mobile bulk material filling the pockets of the mats. Each of the protrusions is flanked in a longitudinal direction of the respective mat and in a transverse direction thereof by recesses complementary to the protrusions and the protrusions and the recesses of each mat are arrayed thereon in criss-cross patterns. The mats are oriented with the protrusions of one of the mats fitting snugly into and filling the recesses of the other of the mats and the carrier webs are uniformly spaced apart over the assembly to define a body of uniform fluid permeability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for indicating toxic substances in air that is supplied to accommodation used for personnel, preferably the cab of a motor vehicle, this having error compensation for humidity and temperature in one or a plurality of semiconductor gas sensors that are used, in which connection the sensor heating voltage is controlled to provide constant heating output and the sensor temperature pick up as well as the necessary amplifier (control stage) used to generate the temperature-varied heating voltage are arranged in a common housing, and that in the area of the sensors this housing is perforated.

Abstract: The invention refers to a process, a filter, as well as a device for the elimination of bacteria and/or viruses and/or fungi and/or spores and/or germs and/or allergens and/or pollutants and/or odors, etc from the breathing air by means of a filter consisting of one or several chemisorption mass layers. In order to avoid that biofilters which have been in operation for a longer time do not release fungi spores and bacteria under certain circumstances, the invention proposes that downstream of a biofilter, bulk material is used alternately as very strongly alkaline or very strongly acid chemisorption layers, or vice versa. As bulk material for the individual chemisorption mass layers coal coke of the type III or IV of crushed coke is used, with strongly alkaline and strongly acid chemisorption layers.

Abstract: Coking emissions in the regions of the roof of the coke oven and adjoining lateral wall regions are removed by removing jets of fresh air from one longitudinal side to the other longitudinal side where the air, entraining the contaminant, is collected. The collected gases are supplied to the dry and wet cleaning.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor with integrated signal preconditioning and switching amplifier, whose switching point variably adjusts to slow variations in the output level of the sensor, in order to compensate for the slow influences of temperature and humidity on the sensor and to adjust the switching behavior to external conditions. For this, the invention uses a system for locking the control values to the switching threshold, obtained from the integrated sensor signal.

Abstract: Household garbage, municipal waste, clarifier sludge and mixtures thereof continuously derived during summer months, for example, can be continuously mixed with a high volatiles coal and the resulting mixtures subjected to degasification at a temperature of up to 650.degree. C., preferably around 600.degree. C. to produce a coke-like pyrolysis product which can be stored sanitarily and burned during winter months in a fluidized bed or other power plant boiler.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for indicating toxic substances in air that is supplied to accommodation used for personnel, preferably the cab of a motor vehicle, this having error compensation for humidity and temperature in one or a plurality of semiconductor gas sensors that are used, in which connection the sensor heating voltage is controlled to provide constant heating output and the sensor temperature pick up as well as the necessary amplifier (control stage) used to generate the temperature-varied heating voltage are arranged in a common housing, and that in the area of the sensors this housing is perforated.

Abstract: A device for the detection of various pollutant contents in gas streams, preferably in the supply to motor vehicle cabins or protection cabins for operators, with use of one or several pollutant-detecting semiconductor gas sensors. A gas sensor (4) is alternately exposed to the gas streams to be evaluated. The sensor is placed at the separation point between the outer air and the cabin air, whereby, through switching which is effected within seconds, a practially constant comparison between the quality of the inner air and the outer air is performed. For this purpose, a switching arrangement is assigned to the gas sensor (4). The gas sensor (4) and the switching arrangement can be mounted on the fresh air/ambient air valve (3). The output signal of the gas sensor (4) serves for the control of the fresh air/ambient air valve (3).

Abstract: A process is described for making flue gas gypsum from desulfurization of power plant exhaust gas. The process comprises treating the flue gas in a wash tower with a wash water suspension containing calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate and converting the scrubbed sulfur dioxide by oxidation with input atmospheric oxygen and by crystallization to calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals. A cyclic flow is drawn from the wash tower sump and delivered by spray nozzles to the wash tower. Further the process comprises continuously drawing an additional crystal suspension from the wash tower sump which after separation of a crystal slurry is partly fed back to the wash tower sump. The lower run-off of a cyclone separator receiving the crystal suspension is dewatered, the flue gas gypsum is separated and a clear effluent is returned to the wash tower. A partial flow is separated from the upper run-off of the cyclone separator and a solid free fluid replaces it.

Abstract: Wet quenching of coke with low vapor emissions is provided when the quenching vapors are bunkered before delivery to the atmosphere and subsequently or immediately a condensate is drawn off and cooled further. The bunkered vapors are intermittently mixed with air to prevent the development of explosive carbon monoxide concentrations. The condensate obtained is again distributed, cooled and subsequently recycled for further condensation. The apparatus for performing this process includes a quenching tower connected with a condensor separator and having a buffer space for the quenching vapors. The buffer space has a closable fresh air valve and the condensor separator has a condensor return with an intermediately connected water purifier and the condensor separator and buffer space are connected with each other. A twin cooling system can be connected with a by-pass for feed back which receives fluid from the water purifier.

Abstract: A cab which serves the occupancy of individuals, preferably in motor vehicles, which is equipped with an aerating and air removal system with integrated blower as well as a filter arrangement. The filter arrangement (3) consists of two filter packages (4, 5) which are arranged in shape of a V, and in whose entrance opening a blower (2) is emplaced, whose sensor (11) is provided on the interior surface of a cab window (12), which upon appearance of moisture on the interior surface of the window furnishes a control pulse.

Abstract: One or more sensors are used for the indication and/or control and/or adjustment of filter devices and/or ventilation systems in relation with a measured value or respective measured values, established by the sensor, or respective sensors. In order to provide an economically simple and maintainance free device of the afore-mentioned kind with reduced space requirements, which responds to all common air pollutants and insures a reliable reading, the invention proposes that the sensor be placed in a housing with a side facing the oncoming flow preceded within the housing by a measuring slot abutting an air chamber of the housing, where a pulsator is located, whereby one or more air-inlet openings lead to the cylinder space of the air chamber facing away from the sensor. The pulsator consists of a piston coupled with an oscillator. In the air chamber an air-conditioning device, preferably a heating device, is provided.

Abstract: A chemisorption filter is provided for receiving contaminated air to be filtered and partially heating the air while filtering same, with a further heater downstream of the chemisorption filter for further heating the air. A catalyst mass is traversed by the air heated by the heater and disposed downstream of the heater for further purifying the air, with further device downstream of the catalyst mass for cooling the air upon passage thereof through the catalyst mass, all of the devices collectively forming an air purifier to a passenger compartment of an automobile for supplying the compartment with purified air. A sensor is provided behind the radiator of the automobile and contacted by the air displaced therethrough by a fan, the sensor detecting contaminant levels in the external air before it is admitted to the chemisorption filter, for controlling the on/off operation of the air purifier.

Abstract: Process for stripping nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides, as well as optionally other noxious elements from flue gas from combustion plants, preferably boilers of electric plants supplied with fossil fuels, the nitrogen oxides being reduced into elemental nitrogen and the sulphur oxides as well as other noxious elements being stripped by a washing process.

Abstract: Air is fed to a cabin after having been purified to remove sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons therefrom, e.g. to serve a space occupied by a human. According to the invention, an ozonizer is provided to generate ozone which is reacted with the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen monoxide to produce sulfur trioxide and nitrogen dioxide respectively. The pollutants are then taken up in part on sorption masses and the air is then heated before it is introduced into a catalyst mass wherein the carbon monoxide is reacted to form carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can then be absorbed and the purified air, after cooling, can be fed to the cabin.

Abstract: A chemisorption filter preceded by a heater is used to feed air to a vehicle passenger compartment or like cabin adapted to be occupied by a person. The chemisorption filter removes noxious and toxic ambient contaminants from the air before it is admitted to the cabin.

Abstract: Air is fed to a cabin after having been purified to remove sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons therefrom, e.g. to serve a space occupied by a human. According to the invention, an ozonizer is provided to generate ozone which is reacted with the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen monoxide to produce sulfur trioxide and nitrogen dioxide respectively. The pollutants are then taken up in part on sorption masses and the air is then heated before it is introduced into a catalyst mass wherein the carbon monoxide is reacted to form carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can then be absorbed and the purified air, after cooling, can be fed to the cabin.

Abstract: A process for cleaning filtering separators used in dry chemisorption systems. A maximum of 1-2% of the total filter area is in the cleaning process at any given time, to provide for utmost efficiency of the chemisorption activity. In the cleaning stage, the separators are cleaned by shock devices or similar means and are coated with fresh chemisorption mass before being returned to the chemisorption system.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the scrubbing of waste gases and especially combustion gases by chemisorption. According to the invention combustion gases which can contain sulfur dioxide are scrubbed with water in the presence of lime and the scrubbing liquid is collected directly beneath the scrubbing column in an oxidation basin which is provided with means for introducing oxygen into the liquid to promote the formation of calcium sulfate crystals. The gases can sweep across the top of this basin and, at the outlet thereof, a coarse droplet separator is provided followed by a fine droplet separator or demister. Spray-water nozzles can be provided between the droplet separators for cleaning them.

Abstract: Solar collectors have flat plate-like foil tubes with permeable interlayers with lattice structure surfaces bonded to the foils of the tube. Several tubes with insulating backing are seam bonded together to form a sheet for covering a roof. Heat transfer medium flows from inlets into a space along one side of the tube, through the permeable interlayer into a space along the other side of the tube and through an outlet. The structure is thin, light, inexpensive and easy to install. Flow of medium which covers substantially all of a surface may be precisely controlled. Temperature of medium in the collectors may be maintained only slightly higher than temperatures throughout the system.