Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the extraction of metals from an aqueous phase by means of specific ionic liquids.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell assembly has electrochemical cells of large diameter and high storage capacity, making it particularly useful for stabilization of electric supply systems. The assembly includes at least one electrochemical cell composed of a layer of: a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy forming the cathode, a liquid electrolyte layer, and a layer of a liquid metal or liquid metalloid forming the anode. An electrically insulating inner tube is provided along the vertical axis of the assembly, the presence of which prevents the occurrence of the Tayler instability or other instabilities caused in the liquids by the current flow, and thus prevents the intermixing of the liquids. Another very efficient option for increasing the maximum current of the cell is that of conducting a current having a suitable direction and intensity through the interior of the inner tube.

Abstract: Disclosed is a complementary resistor switch (3) comprising two outer contacts, between which two piezo- or ferroelectric layers (11a and 11b) having an inner common contact are situated. At least one region (11?, 11?) of the layers is modified, either the outer contacts are rectifying (S) and the inner contact is non-rectifying (O), or vice versa, the modified regions are formed at the rectifying contacts, the layers have different strain-dependent structural phases with different band gaps and/or different polarization charges, and the electrical conductivity of the layers is different. Also disclosed are a connectable resistor structure having at least one Schottky contact at two adjoining piezo- or ferroelectric layers, a polycrystalline piezo- or ferroelectric layer comprising modified crystallites, and a method and circuits for encrypting and decrypting a bit sequence.

Abstract: Various embodiments describe an integrated non-volatile component. The component may include a surface contact with associated mating contact wherein a ferroelectric layer is used as a conductive channel having variable conductivity and the surface contact and/or the associated mating contact are/is embodied as a rectifying contact and, as a result of an applied voltage between the surface contact and the associated mating contact, a non-volatile space charge zone forms in the surface contact terminal region and/or mating contact terminal region in the ferroelectric layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a compound of formula Ia or Ib wherein R1 represents —CO2R3, —COR4 or —R5, wherein R3 represents unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, R4 represents hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, and R5 represents hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, R2 represents —N+(R6)(R7)(R8)X? or a nitro group, wherein R6, R7, R8 independently of each other represent unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted —(CH2)n- with n=1 to 12 provided that at least two of the substituents R6R7R8 are C1-C6 alkyl, and X? represents a halide, sulphonate, unsubstituted or substituted acetate, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, perchlorate, or oxalate.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method for monitoring a range of a particle beam in a target. The method is using gamma detectors for detecting prompt gammas produced in the target. The time differences between the time of detecting a gamma quantum and a time of emission of a particle or a bunch of particles from the radiation device are determined. A statistical distribution of those time difference is used to deduce information related to the range of the beam. The invention is also related to an apparatus for monitoring a range based on measured time profiles of detected prompt gammas.

Abstract: Extremely ultrashort and short-wave light pulses are generated with the aid of the traveling-wave Thomson scattering process. Dispersive elements are arranged between an electron, particle, or radiation source, which is synchronized with a laser system, and an optical element that focuses in a direction. The device is used to superpose a pulse-front tilted light pulse of high power with an ultrashort pulse of relativistic electrons in a laser-line focus. By varying the laser pulse-front tilt, narrow-band radiation pulses in a wide wavelength range from EUV to X-ray wavelengths and having a high number of protons are obtained, and the bandwidth and coherence properties can also be modified. The system can be used, among other things, in EUV lithography, in the planning and optimal design of laser systems and electron sources, in material analysis by phase contrast imaging, and in superconductor research. The assembly is smaller and cheaper than current comparables.

Abstract: A grid sensor for measuring the phase distribution of a multiphase substance mixture with gaseous and liquid components in the presence of a highly conductive phase (such as salt water or liquid metal) employs 3 superposed electrode planes and an electronic measuring device. Application areas include determination of the liquid distribution and the fill level in containers, as well as the investigation of gas-liquid multiphase flows, in particular in pipelines, e.g. in petroleum production and processing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a compound of formula Ia or Ib wherein R1 represents —CO2R3, —COR4 or —R5, wherein R3 represents unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, R4 represents hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, and R5 represents hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, R2 represents —N+(R6)(R7)(R8)X? or a nitro group, wherein R6, R7, R8 independently of each other represent unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted —(CH2)n- with n=1 to 12 provided that at least two of the substituents R6R7R8 are C1-C6 alkyl, and X? represents a halide, sulphonate, unsubstituted or substituted acetate, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, perchlorate, or oxalate

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for the electromagnetic stirring of electrically conductive fluids in the liquid state and/or in the state of onsetting solidification of the fluid, using a rotating magnetic field that is produced in the horizontal plane of a Lorentz force. The aim is to achieve an intensive three-dimensional flow on the inside of the fluid for mixing in the liquid state up to the direct vicinity of solidifying fronts, and to simultaneously ensure an undisturbed, free surface of the fluid. The solution is to change the direction of rotation of the magnetic field rotating in the horizontal plane at regular time intervals in the form of a period duration, wherein the frequency of the directional change of movement of the magnetic field vector is adjusted such that in the state of mixing the liquid fluid a period duration is adjusted between two directional changes of the magnetic field during a time interval as a function of the adjustment time with the condition (I) 0.5·ti.

Abstract: Various embodiments describe an integrated non-volatile component. The component may include a surface contact with associated mating contact wherein a ferroelectric layer is used as a conductive channel having variable conductivity and the surface contact and/or the associated mating contact are/is embodied as a rectifying contact and, as a result of an applied voltage between the surface contact and the associated mating contact, a non-volatile space charge zone forms in the surface contact terminal region and/or mating contact terminal region in the ferroelectric layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the extraction of metals from an aqueous phase by means of specific ionic liquids.

Abstract: A triaxial constructed needle probe for reliable differentiation of multiphase media, comprises a probe body having a central light conductor having a metallic surface and a distal end of which is to be inserted in the medium, a first electrically insulating sheath disposed around the optical fiber, a hollow cylindrical shield electrode arranged around the first insulating sheath, a second electrically insulating sheath arranged around the shield electrode, and a hollow cylindrical reference electrode arranged around the second insulating sheath, as well as a measuring circuit for measuring the optical refractive index and electrical conductivity of the medium.

Abstract: Extremely ultrashort and short-wave light pulses are generated with the aid of the traveling-wave Thomson scattering process. Dispersive elements are arranged between an electron, particle, or radiation source, which is synchronized with a laser system, and an optical element that focuses in a direction. The device is used to superpose a pulse-front tilted light pulse of high power with an ultrashort pulse of relativistic electrons in a laser-line focus. By varying the laser pulse-front tilt, narrow-band radiation pulses in a wide wavelength range from EUV to X-ray wavelengths and having a high number of protons are obtained, and the bandwidth and coherence properties can also be modified. The system can be used, among other things, in EUV lithography, in the planning and optimal design of laser systems and electron sources, in material analysis by phase contrast imaging, and in superconductor research. The assembly is smaller and cheaper than current comparables.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to specify an arrangement for X-ray computed tomography, which allows continuous three-dimensional imaging of the examination object or a partial volume of the examination object at a high temporal and spatial resolution, wherein a high spatial resolution defines both a high resolution within the slice plane and also in the axial direction.

Abstract: A grid sensor significantly reduces the complexity of a production process. The cost for installing and running the grid sensor are significantly reduced and the service life, pressure and heat resistance of the grid sensor can be significantly increased over previous grid sensors. Channels, which are wider than the diameter of the wire electrodes and have a depth of less than half the thickness of the sensor board, run outwardly from the edge of the measurement cross section in the sensor board. The channels are coated by a metal layer and the wire electrodes are inserted into the periphery of the measurement cross section. The two ends of the electrode, each in one of the opposite channels, and the electrodes are fixed in the channels by means of a conductive sealing compound. In each channel, the conductive sealing compound terminates in a planar fashion with the upper side of the sensor board, and the sensor board is clamped between two clamping plates.

Abstract: An assembly for electron beam tomography affords continuous and simultaneous recording of two-dimensional slice images of an object in different irradiation planes with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Targets are penetrated by openings of a given width and with a regular arrangement in the circumferential direction. The openings in the targets are respectively situated on a path formed by the cross section of the shell of the electron beam cone with the respective target. The successive targets in the beam direction respectively are arranged with a small angular offset with respect to the optical axis to the respective target situated in front, and so an electron beam circulating along the shell of the electron beam cone successively irradiates the material webs between the openings of all targets with at least part of its cross section and an X-ray detector arc is arranged for each target in coplanar radial fashion in front of or behind the respective target.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to produce an x-ray computed tomography arrangement in which there is no axial offset between the path of the focal spot and the x-ray detector arc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring flow rates in liquid melts in a temperature range above 200 DEG C. using an ultrasonic generator and to an associated ultrasonic waveguide according to the ultrasonic Doppler method. The aim of the invention is to provide good signal incoupling and outcoupling. This is achieved by the preparation of the wettability of the end face of the ultrasonic waveguide before the measuring operation, subsequent direct incoupling of ultrasonic measuring signals into the melt at an angle that is not equal to 90 DEG, achieved by the immersion of the end face of the ultrasonic waveguide into the melt, outcoupling of the ultrasonic signals reflected in the melt via the end face of the ultrasonic waveguide and routing of said signals to an evaluation circuit. To prepare the wettability of the end face, the latter is mechanically and chemically cleaned and subsequently coated with a suitable material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an arrangement for quickly measuring the phase distribution or the component distribution in a flow cross section for substance mixtures also of a non-conducting type by measuring the complex electrical admittance. Said arrangement essentially features the following: at least one sine wave generator (5) which is mounted upstream from the transmitter electrodes (3a) of the excitation level and applies an alternating voltage to the transmitter electrodes (3a); current-to-voltage converters (7) which are mounted downstream from the receiver electrodes (3b), amplify the alternating current that flows from at least one excitation electrode (3a) through the medium to the receiver electrodes (3b), and convert said alternating current into a voltage signal; filter groups (10, 11, 16) and vector voltmeters (8) which are mounted downstream from the current-to-voltage converters (7) and allow the complex signal ratio Ua/Ue to be metrologically detected.