Abstract: A method of modifying the surface of a substrate which comprises a fibrous material. According to the present invention, the surface is brought into contact with a type of amphiphilic block copolymer which comprises one or several hydrophilic polymeric blocks and one or several hydrophobic polymeric blocks. Approximately 0.01-3 g/m2 of the amphiphilic block copolymer are applied onto the surface. With the help of the present invention, it is possible to effectively modify the surface of paper in such a manner that it produces a good surface for printing, for instance for ink-jet printing.

Abstract: A structure made of in certain frequency bands invisible material includes a transmission line network. The structure has a matching layer at the boundary of the material, supporting structures inside the transmission line network and that the transmission line network has been matched with the surrounding space.

Abstract: A method of modifying the surface of a substrate which comprises a fibrous material. According to the present invention, the surface is brought into contact with a type of amphiphilic block copolymer which comprises one or several hydrophilic polymeric blocks and one or several hydrophobic polymeric blocks. Approximately 0.01-3 g/m2 of the amphiphilic block copolymer are applied onto the surface. With the help of the present invention, it is possible to effectively modify the surface of paper in such a manner that it produces a good surface for printing, for instance for ink-jet printing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for forming a lipid or a lipid mixture from an organic source material comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, non-starch polysaccharide, any mixture thereof or degradation products thereof. According to the method, the source material is treated one or more times with water, an aqueous solution of acid or alkali, and the precipitate and the filtrate are separated. The precipitate obtained from the treatments mentioned above can be subjected to mechanical or thermo-mechanical grinding, or the precipitate can be treated with a strong acid, or the precipitate can be acidified and ground mechanically or thermo-mechanically. After the treatments, the precipitate and the filtrate are separated. A lipid-producing microorganism is contacted with the source material or the obtained filtrate(s) in a culture medium, whereby the microorganism cells begin to produce lipid, and the lipids are recovered.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for forming a lipid or a mixture of lipids from a starting material, which comprises at least one alcohol and a soap or a soap precursor, the process comprising adding a metal-ion forming agent to the starting material, whereby a mixture is formed, which contains an insoluble phase and a liquid phase, separating the insoluble phase from the liquid phase, contacting the lipid-producing microorganism with the liquid phase on a culturing substrate, whereby the microorganism cells begin producing lipid, and collecting the lipids. The present invention also concerns a process for forming a lipid or a mixture of lipids from an alcohol-containing liquid phase, which comprises at least one alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for forming a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or a mixture thereof from a soap-comprising starting material, in which process a metal-ion forming agent is added to the starting material, whereby a mixture is formed, which contains an insoluble phase and a liquid phase, the insoluble phase is separated from the liquid phase, and an acid is added into the insoluble phase to form a fatty acid, or a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst are added to form a fatty acid ester, whereby two phases are formed, an aqueous phase and an organic phase, or, first, an acid is added and then a monohydric alcohol and an acid catalyst are added into at least a portion of the formed fatty acid to esterify the fatty acid.