Abstract: A sampling device for molten metals, especially for molten cast iron or pig iron, has a sampling chamber arranged in a refractory body mounted on a carrier. The sampling chamber is bounded on two opposing walls by one metal plate each, and has at least one inlet opening for molten metal on a further wall. In order to create a sampling device with which samples are obtained which have the best possible white solidification and at the same time have the sturdiness necessary for an automatic sample analysis, a metal disk is separably arranged in the interior of the sampling chamber on at least one of the two metal plates. The diameter of metal disk is smaller than the diameter of the sampling chamber, and the thickness of the disk is less than the thickness of the sampling chamber.

Abstract: Oxygen sensor for measuring resistance as a function of oxygen partial pressure, made of alkaline-earth-doped perovskitic lanthanum ferrites with the general formulaLa.sub.1-x Me.sub.x FeO.sub.3-.delta.where Me is one of alkaline earth metals, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, x is a degree of doping of the lanthanum ferrites. The oxygen sensor oxygen deficit of anion is 6=0 to 0.25, and the degree of doping of the lanthanum ferrites is x=0.1 to 0.3 and is selected to provide a temperature independent resistance property to the oxygen sensor in a lean range.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic layer system on a resistive gas sensor, especially on a resistive gas sensor layer on a titanate base, with at least one first layer and a second layer lying over the first layer, where, according to the invention, the first layer exhibits a catalytically active substance whose volume percentage in the layer ranges from 20 to 80%. In addition, the first layer contains a titanate that corresponds to at least one titanate of the underlying gas sensor layer. This attribute guarantees favorable adhesion between the layers. Furthermore, an oxide mixture that contributes to the improved mechanical stability of the layer system is provided in the second layer instead of the catalytically active substance. To manufacture the catalytic layer system, the individual layers are applied to the sensor in a screen printing process, which allows for a rational method of production and the precise dosing and distribution of the individual layer components.

Abstract: An electrode material is provided for electrochemical sensors, particularly for sensors detecting combustible gases. For these types of applications, perovskite electrode materials are known which, however, by modification of their oxygen stoichiometry, have a considerable charge carrier mobility. These defects are the causes for an additional, catalytic activity with oxidation processes at electrodes. The measurement of hydrocarbons from combustible gases is thus distorted with electrode materials of this type. These disadvantages are overcome by making such electrode materials from mixed oxides with non-perovskite crystalline structures, which have chemical compositions of one or more of the following general formulas: (A/D).sub.3-y B.sub.x C.sub.5-x O.sub.12.+-..delta., D.sub.1-y B.sub.1-x C.sub.x O.sub.4.+-..delta., D.sub.2-y B.sub.8-x C.sub.x O.sub.16.+-..delta., D.sub.2-y B.sub.1+x C.sub.1-x O.sub.5.+-..delta., or D.sub.2-y B.sub.x C.sub.2-x O.sub.7.+-..delta.

Abstract: In a temperature sensor with a platinum resistance thermometer accommodated in a tube-shaped housing, the platinum resistance layer belonging thereto should be protected against pollution or contamination of the platinum, since the electrochemical characteristics of platinum can be reduced by substances in the surroundings in the event of too low a partial pressure of oxygen. For this purpose, a mechanically solid and liquid-impermeable, connection is provided in the connection region of the tube-shaped housing, which permits an admission of air-oxygen into the housing from the environment of the connecting cable. The air-oxygen admission is made possible through a liquid-impermeable oxygen-permeable jacket for the connecting cable and/or over an accompanying connecting plug, whereby the admission of air-oxygen takes place along a glass filament filler running parallel to the electrical leads inside the jacket of the connecting cable.

Abstract: A catalytic converter for cleaning exhaust from combustion processes, especially exhaust from internal combustion engines, and the manufacturing method thereof, the converter including a housing and a plurality of packets provided therein. Each of the packets includes at least one corrugated foil joined at contact areas to at least one flat foil, preferably by soldering or welding. The flat and/or corrugated foil is provided at least partially with a catalytically active coating. The spaces between the corrugated foil and/or between the at least one flat foil and the at least one corrugated foil define channels running parallel to one another through which the combustion gas flows. At least one electrically heatable foil is connected on or in at least one packet with good heat conduction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas sensor, preferably a lambda probe for determining pollutant and/or oxygen content in the exhaust of internal combustion engines or furnaces, with a metal housing that has mounting means for installing the gas sensor in an exhaust chamber, a ceramic part located inside the metal housing to receive a sensor support with sensor elements, one end of which projects into the exhaust chamber and whose other end is connectable with electrical terminals, characterized in that the ceramic part, in its area away from the exhaust, is secured by a positive connection in at least the radial direction in a metal housing and a sealing element is provided in an area of the ceramic part located downstream from the positive connection, said element being connected firstly with the outside wall of the ceramic part and secondly abutting a wall of the metal housing in a gas-tight manner.

Abstract: An electrically heatable starter catalytic converter (5) has a metallic housing (6) in which is arranged the actual catalyst (7) exposed to the exhaust gas flow, an electric resistance heating (8) and an electric connection line (10) that enters the housing (6) through an opening (9). The invention is characterized in that the electric connection line (10) is a metal-clad cable with at least one inner lead (11) electrically insulated from the metal cladding by a mineral (13). The inner lead (11) frictionally engages the electric resistance heating (8), and the metal cladding (12) enters the metallic housing (6) through the opening (9) and is welded or soldered to the edge of the opening (9) in a gas-tight manner.

Abstract: A device for conducting electrochemical measurements in glass or salt melts has at least one indicator electrode and one reference electrode arrangement. In order to be able to conduct very exact measurements, the tip of the indicator electrode intended to be immersed in the melt is constructed of a noble metal or noble metal alloy with at least one another noble metal, preferably iridium or an iridium alloy with other noble metals, and is mounted gas-tight in a heat-resistant tube. The indicator electrode is passed through the heat-resistant tube.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, a catalyst monitor includes a resistive type oxygen sensor positioned between the engine and the catalyst and a temperature sensor positioned proximate to the catalyst. The oxygen sensor measures an oxygen concentration of the engine emissions and the temperature sensor monitors a temperature of the catalyst and detects a light off time of the catalyst. The magnitude of resistance of the oxygen sensor is measured and compared to a predetermined threshold level. The catalyst light off time is compared to a predetermined time value. In addition, a lifetime temperature profile of the catalyst is generated and compared to a predetermined threshold temperature level. The results of the comparisons are used to establish whether the catalyst is operating efficiently.

Abstract: The invention relates to a protective coating on at least one electrical conductor and/or semiconductor, especially an electric sensor, in which a porous first protective coating is applied directly to the surface of the electrical conductor and/or semiconductor and a gas-tight second protective coating is applied at least to regions of the first protective coating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to measure an electro-chemical activity of a non-metallic liquid layer lying on a molten bath by means of a measuring cell with an electro-chemical element which has an active part and with a counter electrode. The invention also relates to a measuring cell to measure an electro-chemical activity. In order to achieve exact measuring results of an electro-chemical activity with the least possible expenditure, the measuring cell is dipped through a non-metallic liquid layer into a molten bath, the active part of the electro-chemical element being surrounded by the non-metallic liquid layer of the material of this layer on insertion, this material being held at the electro-chemical element until after measuring the electro-chemical activity and the measurement being carried out after dipping the electro-chemical element into the molten metal within the molten bath. The electro-chemical element is especially developed to enable that the material to be measured adheres to it.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for measuring the temperature of molten masses uses a receptacle having at least one strip-shaped or wire-shaped carrier and an opening on its upper side, with a thermoelement placed inside the receptacle. In order to make available a sensor arrangement for the exact determination of the liquidus temperature of molten cryolite, the receptacle is made of metal. A temperature measuring device with a sensor arrangement of this type, has at least one carrier mounted at its end facing away from the receptacle in a sleeve, the sleeve being detachably connected to a mounting device. In addition, a process for measuring the liquidus temperature of molten cryolite in a receptacle vibrates the receptacle during the cooling of the molten cryolite.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for obtaining a sample coupon from a container of molten metal for the performance of metallographic microstructural evaluation. The apparatus comprises a housing formed of a material resistant to thermal breakdown, the housing having an exterior surface, a closed first end, and a second end including an opening sized and shaped for receiving and retaining a support member. The housing further includes an interior coupon chamber and a passageway extending between the coupon chamber and the exterior surface. The coupon chamber has at least one generally flat surface and a cross-sectional dimension of not less than seven square millimeters and not greater than 1,250 square millimeters.

Abstract: An apparatus for the measurement of the surface tension of liquids by means of a capillary tube for supplying gas, the tube having a connector and a nozzle, may be used in a measuring device. In order to create an apparatus that is easy to manufacture and handle, and that can be used reliably in a variety of liquids, the capillary tube is arranged, at least partially, in a crucible for receiving the liquid and is mounted on the wall of the crucible, whereby the connector is arranged outside the interior of the crucible. The connector is connected to the gas line of the measuring device and to a pressure sensor and/or a flow meter.

Abstract: A sampling device for molten metals with a sample chamber arranged in a paperboard tube has an inflow canal leading through the paperboard tube, the canal being formed essentially of a heat-resistant inflow tube, such that the outer end of the inflow tube ends below (inside) the outer circumference of the sampling device and is closed off by a delayed-action device. In order to create a sampling device in which the intrusion of contaminants into the sample chamber is prevented, especially slag particles, gas occlusion particles and particles of the paperboard tubes, the delayed-action device is constructed as a multi-layered cap, whereby between cap and paperboard tube an intermediate space is formed, which is filled with cement.

Abstract: A drop-in immersion probe for inserting into molten metal includes a generally cylindrical measurement head having an axis and a first axial end which is inwardly tapered toward the axis. The measurement head is made of a combination of materials having a combined density greater than the density of the molten metal. A sensor element extends outwardly from the first axial end of the measurement head proximate the axis and a slag cap covers the first end of the measurement head and the sensor element. A leadwire extends outwardly from the measurement head and has one end electrically connected to the sensor element. A portion of the leadwire extending outwardly from the measurement head is preferably covered by a protective sleeve of heat resistant material. In a preferred embodiment, the slag cap and the measurement head are covered with an ablative material to prevent the adherence of slag.

Abstract: An immersion probe for determining a liquidus temperature of a molten metal sample during solidification has a first refractory body with an immersion face, an interior sample chamber, and a passageway between the immersion face and an end wall of the chamber. A heat sink is positioned within the chamber adjacent the end wall and an insulating shield is positioned within the chamber adjacent the heat sink, each having an aperture corresponding to the inlet tube. The insulating shield sinks thermal energy from within the chamber at a second rate R.sub.2 slower than a first rate R.sub.1 of the interior walls of the chamber. A liquidus temperature sensor is positioned within the chamber away from the insulating shield. To determine the liquidus temperature, the probe is immersed in the molten metal, and a molten metal sample flows into the chamber through the passageway. When the flow ceases, the heat sink solidifies an adjacent portion of the molten metal and seals the sample within the chamber.

Abstract: A process is provided for determining the concentration of a gas in a molten metal by a carrier gas, which can be pumped to at least one analyzer, either in direct route for calibration, or for measuring through a measuring circuit with a measuring probe immersed in the molten metal, wherein the carrier gas effects a gas exchange with the molten metal, and this gas mixture is pumped to the analyzer for measurement. In order to obtain an accurate and quick reading of the concentration of a gas in a molten metal, the carrier gas is pumped for one segment of a measuring cycle directly to the analyzer for calibration, as well as to the measuring circuit for purging and for uptake of the gas to be measured, so that the gas to be measured is ready for the analyzer.

Abstract: A sampler for molten metal has a flat sample chamber arranged in a carrier tube, an inlet duct with an inflow opening arranged on the side of the flat sample chamber facing away from the immersion end of the carrier tube, and a wall surface which forms a sample analysis surface running parallel to the axis of the carrier tube. In order to create a sampler with which high-quality flat samples can be obtained and which can be easily removed from the sampler, a prechamber is arranged inside the carrier tube, at the end of the inlet duct facing away from the immersion end of the carrier tube, above the flat sample chamber and between the inlet duct and the inflow opening.