Abstract: A single-electron transistor (1) has an elongate conductive channel (2) and a side gate (3) formed in a 5 nm-thick layer (4) of Ga0.98Mn0.02As. The single-electron transistor (1) is operable, in a first mode, as a transistor and, in a second mode, as non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A display driving method drives a display to make a gradation display on a screen of the display depending on a length of a light emission time in each of sub fields forming 1 field, where 1 field is a time in which an image is displayed, N sub fields SF1 through SFN form 1 field, and each sub field includes an address display-time in which a wall charge is formed with respect to all pixels which are to emit light within the sub field and a sustain time which is equal to the light emission time and determines a luminance level. The display driving method includes the steps of setting the sustain times of each of the sub fields approximately constant within 1 field, and displaying image data on the display using N+1 gradation levels from a luminance level 0 to a luminance level N.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new and highly reliable substrate manufacturing technology for manufacturing a substrate with a protrusion pattern, which can decrease structural defects caused by involving bubbles when the protrusion pattern is formed, can improve the reliability of the product and the yield of the product, does not require off-line steps such as vacuum deaeration, and therefore improves the production efficiency and simplifies the steps. According to the present invention, a molding material paste is filled into the concave portions of an intaglio plate for filling, an intaglio plate for transfer on which a specific groove pattern is formed is partially contacted with the intaglio plate for filling, the molding material is filled into the grooves of the intaglio plate for transfer, then the molding material is transferred from the intaglio plate for transfer to a substrate as a protrusion pattern.

Abstract: According to the present invention, drive voltage pulses are applied between a pair of electrodes by driving a first power source having a specific voltage from a state in which the electrodes are maintained at the potential of a reference power source that is different from the potential of the ground power source, and then returning it to the reference power source. As a result, the gas discharge current or capacitance charging and discharging current accompanying the application of the drive voltage pulses is prevented from flowing to the first power source line. The above-mentioned gas discharge current or capacitance charging and discharging current resulting from the application of the drive voltage pulses flows to the first power source or the reference power source electrically separated from the ground power source, and does not flow to the ground power source line, so no noise is generated on the first power source.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus of a radiological imaging apparatus includes a plurality of radiation detectors arranged in a ring form around a through hole section formed on a casing into which an examinee is inserted. An X-ray source unit having an X-ray source moves in a circumferential direction of the through hole section along a ring-shaped guide rail provided on the casing. Each radiation detector outputs both an X-ray detection signal which is a detection signal of X-rays that have passed through the examinee and a &ggr;-ray detection signal which is a detection signal of &ggr;-rays radiated from the examinee caused by radiopharmaceutical. A computer creates an X-ray computed tomographic image data based on the X-ray detection signal and a PET image data based on the &ggr;-ray detection signal and creates fused tomographic image data using the X-ray computed tomographic image data and the PET image data.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an information processing method including the following steps:

Abstract: A key recovery condition encryption apparatus includes a hashing unit, a first concatenating unit, and a condition information encryption unit. The hashing unit calculates a hash value on the basis of a hash function using a key recovery information text serving as information necessary for performing key recovery. The first concatenating unit concatenates the hash value from the hashing unit to the key recovery condition. The condition information encryption unit encrypts a concatenating result from the first concatenating unit by using a first encryption key. Also is disclosed a key recovery condition decryption apparatus for decrypting the encrypted data from the above encryption apparatus.

Abstract: An optical filter is formed from at least two grating located in a waveguide region of a semiconductor optical device. Each grating has a multiple peak optical passband. The gratings are spaced apart in the waveguide region and form an optical cavity having a comb-filter characteristic. The gratings may be located in the active region of an optical gain element and in a preferred example are superstructure gratings (SSGs). A number of filters may be joined together in series.

Abstract: A wavelength division multiplex communication system comprises a head station (2) and a plurality of terminal stations (1) interconnected by an optical fibre cable (3). The head station (2) transmits continuous wave modulated wavelengths (.lambda..sub.1 -.lambda..sub.k), and a signalling wavelength (.lambda..sub.0) which is used to indicate, in each time slot, which wavelengths in the following time slot are available for transmission. Each terminal station (1) is arranged to receive the signalling wavelength, to determine therefrom whether the next time slot contains any data packets for that terminal station and, if so, to receive the packets. The terminal station (1) is arranged, if it has a data packet to transmit, to determine from the signalling wavelength whether the next time slot already contains data packets for the destination station and, if so, to avoid data collision by not transmitting its own data packet. The terminal station (1) then determines a free wavelength (.lambda..sub.

Abstract: In an electron beam exposure method for production very high-integration semiconductor devices and its related apparatus in a conventional method, the exposure is divided into fine divisions and carried out by performing a number of shots. However, by utilizing an aperture stop produced by working a single crystalline silicon thin film finely, exposure of a predetermined range is done by one shot. According to the invention, the exposure can be accomplished by the number of shots which is smaller by about two orders than that of the conventional technique and the throughput can be improved remarkably. Since the shot number does not substantially differ depending on whether patterns are complicated or not, individual steps can be processed within substantially identical time.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element having a pair of lead terminals, a thermoplastic synthetic resin cases enclosing the element therein and a thermosetting synthetic resin coating formed on the thermoplastic synthetic resin cases with the lead terminals being extended outwardly. The thermosetting synthetic resin coating formed on the thermoplastic resin cases provides fine affinity with the lead terminals and encloses the capacitor element enclosed in the thermoplastic resin cases airtightly with the lead terminals being extended outwardly.

Abstract: An anthraquinone dye and a liquid crystal composition containing the dye are disclosed.The liquid crystal composition is preferably used in an electro-optic cell which enables a good color display utilizing the guest-host effect of the liquid crystal.