Abstract: A magnetoresistive sensor system having resistive elements changing in ohmic value in the presence of a magnetic field of a current being measured. The variant values of the elements are amplified by some electronics that inherently add offset to the resultant values. The elements themselves also add an offset. The output of the electronics is modulated and then buffered as an output. This output is demodulated and integrated. The resultant signal is fed back to the input of the electronics to null out the offsets. The output of the buffer also goes to an inductive coil that is magnetically coupled to the resistive elements to null out the magnetic field from the current being measured. The buffer output indicates the magnitude of the current being measured. An oscillator outputs a signal to actuate the modulator and the demodulator. The oscillator signal also goes to a set/reset circuit for setting and resetting the resistive elements of the magnetoresistive sensor.

Abstract: An active region of a VCSEL at one (i.e., n doped) end having an expanded effectively undoped region, and another (i.e., p doped) end having a significantly doped region up to or even including a portion of the active region. A previous way had heavy doping of the n and p doped regions up to the active region, at least close to it or even partially into it.

Abstract: There is disclosed, for use in connection with a network that provides communications between customers generating service requests and vendors capable of electronically fulfilling the service requests, a system for monitoring, controlling, and administering role-based work flows associated with the service requests. Work flows may be controlled and performed through role-based collaboration, allowing anonymity of vendors and customers and providing a template by which a generic work flow can be reapplied. The system comprises: a main controller for creating a first work flow record used to control a first work flow associated with a first service request and for storing the first work flow record in a storage device associated with the main controller.

Abstract: A see through display includes a variably transmissive element positioned between a real world view and an eye of a user, and a generated display optical system for generating a displayed information image superimposed over the real world view in the visual field of the user. The variably transmissive element is controllable to dynamically vary the light intensity passing through the element into the visual field of the user. The variably transmissive element may be spatially addressed to allow selective variable transfer of light intensity through the element into the visual field of the user.

Abstract: A magnetoresistive sensor system having resistive elements changing in ohmic value in the presence of a magnetic field of a current being measured. The variant values of the elements are amplified by some electronics that inherently add offset to the resultant values. The elements themselves also add an offset. The output of the electronics is modulated and then buffered as an output. This output is demodulated integrated. The resultant signal is fed back to the input of the electronics to null out the offsets. The output of the buffer also goes to an inductive coil that is magnetically coupled to the resistive elements to null out the magnetic field from the current being measured. The buffer output indicates the magnitude of the current being measured. An oscillator outputs a signal to actuate the modulator and the demodulator. The oscillator signal also goes to a set/reset circuit for setting and resetting the resistive elements of the magnetoresistive sensor.

Abstract: An output buffer with built-in ESD protection is disclosed. The built-in ESD protection is preferably formed using transistors from the sea-of-transistors or sea-of-gates region of the integrated circuit, which may eliminate the need for dedicated ESD devices, and in particular, dedicated ESD devices that are pre-fabricated into the under-layers in and around the perimeter of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: Systems and methods of operating the same are introduced for populating and using lookup tables with process facility control systems and models of the same. An exemplary computer system for use with a process facility having a plurality of associated processes, and includes both a memory and a processor. The memory is capable of maintaining (i) a data structure having a plurality of accessible fields and (ii) a model of at least a portion of the plurality of associated processes. The model may include a mathematical representation of at least a portion of the at least one process, defining certain relationships among inputs and outputs of the at least one process. The processor is capable of populating ones of the plurality of accessible fields of the data structure using the model iteratively with a range of possible values of the at least one measurable characteristic.

Abstract: An apparatus for and method for providing easy and rapid conversion from a first fuel to a second fuel in a gas appliance. The gas appliance has a variable fuel valve controlled by a microprocessor. A table stored in non-volatile memory has an entry for each of the fuels to be burned in the gas appliance. The table entries are empirically determined at the time of manufacture.

Abstract: A computerized method for organizing data from multiple databases into a single database for optimal access. The method includes providing multiple databases, each for storing data in the form of records. A record from each database is read, and the several records are stored in a single record within a combined database. The single record has a format such the several records are each stored in accessible portions of the single record so that they can be retrieved individually or together.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sensing a presence of a magnetic field and/or a magnitude of a magnetic flux density of the magnetic field. A direct-current voltage is applied across a first layer of a conductive material, so that a direct current flows in a first direction through the first layer. A second layer of a piezoelectric material is integrated with or positioned adjacent or abutting the first layer. The first layer and the second layer are exposed to or positioned within a magnetic field. A Lorentz force is thus caused, preferably in a direction which is generally perpendicular to the first direction of the direct current and a second direction of the magnetic field to deflect the piezoelectric material thereby causing an output voltage in response to the Lorentz force. A magnetic flux density can be calculated as a function of the piezoelectric output.

Abstract: A control apparatus is disclosed that comprises a primary proportional, integral, differential (“PID”) controller capable of receiving a first setpoint and a first process variable and generating therefrom a second setpoint; and a secondary controller capable of receiving the second setpoint and a second process variable and generating therefrom an output control signal, wherein the primary PID controller is capable of receiving from the secondary controller a feedback signal 1) that indicates that a previous value of the second setpoint exceeds a limit associated with an output control signal of the secondary controller, and 2) that transfers a value of a signal from the secondary controller. The primary PID controller is then capable of limiting the contribution of the integral calculation component in a PID calculation that generates a new current value of the second setpoint.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for controlling associated processes in a process facility and, in particular, for distributing data among nodes of a real time process control system that controls the process facility. An exemplary real time process control system includes a plurality of sensors, controllable devices, and communication paths, as well as a computer system. The sensors and controllable devices are associated with various ones of the processes of the process facility, and the communication paths associate the sensors and controllable devices with the computer system. The computer system operates on data relating to the process facility, and distributes the data among the nodes thereof. The nodes are associated with one another by ones of the communication paths also. The computer system includes subscriber nodes that desire data associated with certain of the processes and a publisher node.

Abstract: A latch and flip-flop are disclosed that have a reduced clock-to-q delay and/or a reduced setup time. This is preferably accomplished by providing both a data input signal and a complement data input signal to the latch or flip-flop. The data input signal and the complement data input signal are selectively connected to opposite sides of a pair of cross-coupled gates via a switch or the like. The switch is preferably controlled by an enable signal, such as a clock. With the switch elements enabled, the data input signal is passed directly to a data output terminal, and the complement data input signal is passed directly to a complement data output signal. Because the data input signal is passed directly to a data output terminal, and the complement data input signal is passed directly to a complement data output signal, the clock-to-q time may be reduced.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling contrast for a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), especially active-matrix LCDs, while receiving large dynamic range video data to be displayed to the user by the LCD. Contrast settings of the LCD correspond to a single look-up table from a set of different and multiple look-up tables rather than using the contrast setting of the LCD to select different voltage values from a single look-up table. The values of the reference voltages of the LCD are varied so that all shades of gray are available with each contrast selection resulting in a high image quality and a high contrast.

Abstract: A system for, and method of, disseminating a functional block to a redundant controller for a real-time process control system and a real-time process control system incorporating the system or the method. In one embodiment, the system includes: (1) a dynamically linkable library object associable with the functional block and (2) a shared memory, associated with at least two nodes of the redundant controller, that receives the dynamically linkable library object and the functional block and provides concurrent access thereto by both the at least two nodes to ensure consistent memory images therefore without requiring one of the at least two nodes to be taken off-line.

Abstract: A laser structure (10, 60) and method of manufacturing a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The laser structure (10, 60) is adapted to lase at a wavelength lambda and includes a first mirror stack (14), an active region (18) disposed on the first mirror stack (14) and a second mirror stack (22) disposed on the active region (18). The second mirror stack (22) includes a plurality of alternating mirror layer pairs (a, b) with a phase shifting region (24) disposed therein. The phase shifting region (24) is positioned outside the optical aperture (25) and away from the active region (18) by at least one mirror layer pair, with the optical thickness of the phase shifting region (24) being a multiple of one-fourth lambda, the phase shifting region (24) being oxidized reducing the reflectance of the second mirror stack (22) outside the aperture relative to inside the aperture.

Abstract: Affixing together two articles includes placing a frit preform with an adhesive material on the surface of either article. The preform and the articles are heated to cause the frit material to liquify and then cooled to affix together the two articles at the junction of the two articles.

Abstract: A microbeam interconnection method is provided to connect integrated circuit bond pads to substrate contacts. Conductive leads (microbeams) are releasably formed, by a process such as electroplating or vacuum deposition, over a release layer deposited on a ceramic, glass or similar carrier. The microbeam material adheres only very weakly to the release layer. After the inner ends of the microbeams have been bonded to IC bond pads, such as by flip chip bump bonding, and the integrated circuit has been fully tested, the IC is lifted away from the carrier, causing the microbeams to peel away from the release layer. After straightening the microbeams against a flat surface, the outer ends of the microbeams may then be bonded to contacts on an MCM or other substrate. The method permits full electrical testing at speed and high speed bonding. The method significantly reduces mechanical stresses in interconnect bonds and thereby improves integrated circuit reliability.

Abstract: A self-aligned optical coupler, and method of manufacturing thereof, for conducting light from and to vertical and/or horizontal ports on optical devices or optoelectric integrated circuits. The device or circuit having the respective port has keys and/or slots on the device or circuit for self-aligning an end of the optical coupler to the port. The end has corresponding slots and/or keys. Visual alignment marks may be used instead so as to permit automatic alignment with machine vision devices. The coupler may have one or a plurality of waveguides. One of the ends of the coupler may have a connector for a self-aligning optical connection to a connector receptacle of a module or a backplane.

Abstract: A circuit placed between an alternating current actuated device and a digital logic controller to isolate the digital logic controller from the AC line power and to provide a signal indicative of actuation of the alternating current device.