Abstract: A family of related intracellular skin type antifreeze polypeptides and corresponding coding nucleic acids are provided. These are the first skin type intracellular antifreeze polypeptides and coding nucleic acids ever reported. The polypeptides are naturally expressed in the skin of Winter Flounder, and skin specific promoters are also provided. The polypeptides are used to make cells cold-resistant, and to improve the palatability of cold foods and liquids. Cold resistant eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including plants, animals and bacteria are made using the skin-type intracellular antifreeze polypeptides and nucleic acids.

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting, ordering and mapping genes or DNA sequences in the genome of eukaryotic cells. The method comprises the steps of releasing free chromatin from the nuclei of the cells and contacting the released free chromatin with at least one detectable probe capable of hybridizing to the genes or DNA sequences to be detected, thereby rendering the genes or DNA sequences detectable.