Abstract: Techniques are presented to stitch existing virtual private networks (VPNs), such as MPLS based VPNs, with virtual private clouds (VPCs) in public cloud data centers. The stitching architecture can be realized by configuring a virtual routing application (VRA) in the VPCs and configuring virtual routing applications and a virtual routing application controller in the existing VPN. For VPCs in public clouds that do not have a VRA, traffic can be default routed to VPCs with a VRA.

Abstract: A method for sending uplink burst data in a passive optical network (PON) system includes: sending a synchronization pattern of the uplink burst data, the synchronization pattern being of a length, which is an integer multiple of 66 bits, and being formed by connection of 66-bit unit gene blocks; sending a burst delimiter (BD) of the uplink burst data; sending a forward error correction (FEC)-protected data in the uplink burst data; and sending an end of burst (EOB) delimiter of the uplink burst data. The technical solutions in the embodiments allow the use of a less complex equalizer at the reception end of a high-speed PON system.

Abstract: A method and system for implementing data routing of a roaming user are disclosed. The method comprises: configuring a roaming protocol between the home network and the roaming network; during the registering process of the user in the roaming network, performing an interactive negotiation between the home network and the roaming network, so as to determine one of the home network and the roaming network to allocate IP address according to the roaming protocol between the home network and the roaming network; and establishing the IP access bearer based on the IP address. A corresponding system is also provided.