Abstract: A preassembled drainage line element is fabricated with one or more flaps. In one embodiment, the drainage line unit is made from a webs of net material and a web of water permeable material and has two flaps at diametric points. The webs are formed about a barrel and the longitudinal edges are secured together, as by sewing a seam, to form a flap. The seam can be sewn at one of a plurality of spacings from the barrel to form a drainage line element of a different diameter from a standard diameter without need to adjust or replace other components of the fabricating machine.

Abstract: The drainage element is made with a periphery formed of a filter material that allows the passage of water and prevents the passage of soil and a second peripheral section of net material that allows the passage of water while the preventing the passage of the lightweight aggregate therein. The filter material is preferably made of spun bonded polyester and may be made of a biodegradable material such as starch.

Abstract: A strip of membrane material is laminated to a wider strip of netting and then the longitudinal edges of the strip of netting are seamed together into a sleeve for receiving aggregate to form an elongated tubular drainage element. The laminated peripheral portion of the resultant sleeve is used as the top of the drainage element to preclude fine material from entering the drainage element. Where a membrane is used to form the sleeve, holes or slits are placed in the peripheral portion of the sleeve that is to form the bottom of the drainage element. The seaming of the overlapped longitudinal edges of the membrane is effected using glue and a nozzle that blows air under pressure onto the seam to force the edges and glue to bond together.

Abstract: The drainage element is made with a periphery formed of a filter material that allows the passage of water and prevents the passage of soil and a second peripheral section of net material that allows the passage of water while the preventing the passage of the lightweight aggregate therein. The filter material is preferably made of spun bonded polyester and may be made of a biodegradable material such as starch.

Abstract: A laminated construction having a first layer having a plurality of criss-crossing foamed filaments adhered to each other and defining a net, an impermeable layer laminated to the first layer along two opposite longitudinal edges to form a sleeve, and a perforated pipe extending within the sleeve. In another embodiment, a porous membrane surrounds the layer having a plurality of criss-crossing foamed filaments adhered to each other. In another embodiment, the laminated construction forms a pipe having a first layer having a plurality of criss-crossing foamed filaments adhered to each other and defining a net, an impermeable layer laminated to the first layer along two opposite longitudinal edges to form a sleeve, and a plurality of loose fill elements are within the sleeve for passage of fluid therethrough.

Abstract: A preassembled drainage line element is fabricated at least in part of a biodegradable material, such as kraft paper or a plastic film. The biodegradable material may be perforated to impart a characteristic of water permeability to the material.

Abstract: The tubular element is made with a sleeve formed of a spun bonded polyester material that allows the passage of water and prevents the passage of soil when used for a drainage element. The tubular element is made with small diameters that allows the element to be coiled about a three-dimensional object when used as a cushioning device.

Abstract: The drainage element is formed of a tubular mesh that is filled with loose fill elements of polymeric material, deformed into an ovate cross-sectional shape and cured at an ambient temperature to hold the elements in a compacted state to define a rigid drainage element. The drainage element may be fabricated with a perforated pipe to be joined to other like drainage elements in a drainage system.

Abstract: A system and method for real-time computer control of multi-wheel sorbent mass and energy transfer systems by optimization of calculated mass transfer ratios and measures of system effectiveness which are not subject to long system time constants.