Abstract: An apparatus includes a switching circuit operable with an arrangement configured to effectuate a charging or discharging of an energy-storage device to a circuit including electrically-parallel condenser. The switching circuit includes a main switch electrically connectable to the condenser, and a control circuit electrically connected in parallel with the main switch, and electrically connectable to the condenser. The main switch and control circuit are each configured to independently, switchably pass current from the energy-storage device to the condenser and a power load/source. In this regard, the main switch and control circuit are controllable to pass current from the energy-storage device to the power load, and in a manner whereby current from the energy-storage device to the condenser is diverted from passing through the main switch for a period during which a voltage disparity between the condenser and energy-storage device decreases to within a predetermined range.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that includes a plurality of serially-connected bypass circuits, a measurement/control element and a plurality of safety circuits. The bypass circuits are electrically connectable in parallel with a plurality of serially-connected batteries, each bypass circuit being connectable in parallel with a respective battery. The measurement/control element is electrically connected to the bypass circuits, and electrically connectable to the batteries; and the safety circuits are electrically connected to the measurement/control element, and electrically connectable between the measurement/control element and the batteries. The measurement/control element is configured to measure voltages across the respective batteries and, based on the voltages, selectively operate the bypass circuits to divert electrical current to or from the batteries through the respective bypass circuits. And each safety circuit is configured to limit current flow to the measurement/control element.