Abstract: The invention relates to conductive materials particularly to serve as a heater. Heating means formed by or with electrically conductive materials are known and particularly effective for its flexibility is that sold under the British, Community and US Registered Trade Mark INDITHERM. Conductive rails are used to provide electrical connection to a source of power that need to have a commensurate flexibility, and the object of the invention is to ensure the maintenance of power to the full length of the conductive rail. This objective, is met by a construction comprising spaced first rails for the supply and return of electrical power, the said rails having a flexibility compatible with the semi-conductive material, and there being a supplementary rail attached to each first rail along the length thereof, the supplementary rails being flexible and having strength characteristics greater than those of the first rails.

Abstract: A device for connecting a source of electrical power to a coating or film incorporating carbon particles, an objective met by providing a coating of a nickel compound to the coating or film of carbon particles, and applying to the nickel coating a tin-copper tape coated with a silver-loaded conductive adhesive. What results is a uniform heating effect over a relatively wide area, substantially free from hot and cold spots or areas.

Abstract: The invention relates to conductive heaters, and has its objective to provide a material that exhibits a uniform heating effect over the full area of the heater, relatively free from hot and cold spots, a further objective being to maintain the heater pliable. These objectives are met by a conductive material comprising finely divided carbon particles uniformly dispersed in an elastomeric carrier there being carbon particle levels of 20% to 75% by dry weight to carrier levels. Preferably, the carrier is an elastomeric polymer.