Abstract: A system (10) for generating high pressure pulses has a source (12, 16) of a pressurized working fluid (14). The working fluid is supplied to two conduits (22,24). A valve (26) has an input connected to each of the conduits (22, 24). The valve has a valve member (29) that is movable between two positions. In one position the valve member allows working fluid to flow from the first conduit (22) to an outlet and blocks the second conduit (24). In the other position the valve member allows working fluid to flow from the first conduit (22) to the outlet and blocks the first conduit (22). Flow of the working fluid causes the valve member to reciprocate and thereby generate water hammers in conduits (22) and (24). Energy from the water hammers may be harnessed for various applications.

Abstract: A crusher for materials such as rock is described. Material is crushed between an inclined anvil and a vibrating impact surface. The impact surface is driven by high intensity pressure pulses which are generated by creating repeated water hammers in a low pressure high volume hydraulic circuit. The water hammer may act directly to drive a piston bearing the impact surface toward the anvil. In another configuration of the invention, the water hammer pulse stores energy by stretching a tension member or by distorting a plate. When the water hammer pulse passes the stored energy suddenly drives the impact surface towards the anvil. The crusher of the invention has few moving parts and is energy efficient.

Abstract: A cavitation chamber is driven by a hydraulic driving system in which acoustic pulses are generated by repeated water hammers. In the driving system a liquid is pumped through a conduit. The flow of liquid through the conduit is periodically interrupted by a valve. A water hammer is created each time the valve closes. Acoustic pulses produced by the water hammer propagate directly into a cavitation chamber where they are reflected back and forth by acoustically reflective plates. The cavitation chamber may be applied to degas liquids, mix chemicals or slurries, or promote sono-chemical reactions. The design generates acoustic pulses efficiently. The acoustic pulses are coupled to the cavitation chamber with minimal losses. The apparatus is rugged and inexpensive when compared to systems which incorporate electromechanical transducers.

Abstract: Rarefaction pulses are generated in a chamber containing a liquid to be degassed. The rarefaction pulses are generated by creating repeated water hammers in a conduit. The water hammers result in sudden high pressure pulses which deform a stiff springy, impermeable deflection cap. After the water hammer pulses pass, the deflection cap snaps back toward its equilibrium position. The snapping action of the deflection cap causes a rarefaction pressure pulse which enhances bubble formation in the chamber. The deflection cap may resonate for some time after each water hammer pulse passes. During the interval when the deflection cap resonates the deflection cap generates an attenuated acoustic wave which is transmitted into the liquid being degassed. The deflection cap may also be driven by a system in which a high pressure fluid, such as steam, is introduced into a sealed chamber behind the deflection cap and then suddenly vented.