Abstract: A standard illuminant apparatus suitable for providing a standard optical property of LED for measurement is provided. The standard illuminant apparatus comprises an illuminant module and light shape control module, wherein the illuminant module is capable of providing light, and the light shape control module is capable of receiving the light and transforming the light shape of the light to a predetermined light shape as a LED light shape.

Abstract: A multilevel phase change memory element and operating method and electrodes, which are configured in a parallel structure to form a memory cell. A voltage-drive mode is employed to control and drive the memory element such that multilevel memory states may be achieved by imposing different voltage levels. The provided multilevel phase-change memory element has more bits and higher capacity than that of a memory element with a single phase-change layer.

Abstract: A coaxial master-slave lens system is provided. The coaxial master-slave lens system can be either fixed-focus type or zoom type, and can be equipped to any camera equipment. In such a coaxial master-slave lens system, a slave lens is provided as an additional attachment to the master lens. The slave lens is provided with a center hollowed portion for accommodating the master lens in such a manner that the slave optical axis is in coincidence with the master optical axis; the slave front lens plane is in coincidence with the master front lens plane; the slave rear lens plane is in coincidence with the master rear lens plane; the slave front focus point is in coincidence with the master front focus point; and the slave rear focus point is in coincidence with the master rear focus point.