Abstract: A handle system for supporting a tool defining a tool axis during the performance of dental procedures comprises a handle defining a handle axis, a rotation sleeve, a head assembly and a gear set comprising first and second gear portions. The rotation sleeve supports the first gear portion. The head assembly supports the second gear portion. The handle supports the rotation sleeve for rotation relative to the handle. The handle supports the head assembly such that the first gear portion engages the second gear portion. With the head assembly supported by the handle, the head assembly engages the tool to support the tool such that the tool axis extends at a first angle relative to the handle axis and rotation of the rotation sleeve relative to the handle causes axial rotation of the tool about the tool axis.

Abstract: A premixed cement paste for use in medical or dental applications. The premixed cement paste remains fluid when stored in a hermetically sealed condition, but hydrates and hardens to set when placed in a physiological environment. The cement paste includes at least one calcium silicate compound and at least one substantially water-free liquid carrier mixed with the at least one calcium silicate compound; the substantially water-free liquid carrier avoids hydration of the mixture during storage, but undergoes exchange with aqueous physiological solutions so that the cement past hydrates and hardens to set when placed in a physiological environment. The paste may be placed in the physiological environment by injection, for example. The at least one calcium silicate compound may be, for example, calcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A hydraulic cement comprising a calcium silicate and at least one phosphate compound. The phosphate compound is included in an amount sufficient to react a major portion of the calcium hydroxide that is produced during hydration of the cement to hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphates. The phosphate compound is preferably a mono-calcium phosphate. The cement is useful in both bio-medical/dental and engineering applications. The calcium hydroxide is reacted by the phosphate to form hydroxiapatite or other calcium phosphate that is co-precipitated with the calcium silicate hydrate to form a composite-like structure on a nano-scale level. The reduced calcium hydroxide content in the set cement increases its strength and reduces its pH. The hydroxiapatite content and the reduced pH render the cement bio-active and suitable for use in medical and dental implants, for example, for replacement bone and tooth material. Due to its high strength, the cement may also be used for structural/engineering applications.

Abstract: A hydraulic cement comprising a calcium silicate and at least one phosphate compound. The phosphate compound is included in an amount sufficient to react a major portion of the calcium hydroxide that is produced during hydration of the cement to hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphates. The phosphate compound is preferably a mono-calcium phosphate. The cement is useful in both bio-medical/dental and engineering applications. The calcium hydroxide is reacted by the phosphate to form hydroxiapatite or other calcium phosphate that is co-precipitated with the calcium silicate hydrate to form a composite-like structure on a nano-scale level. The reduced calcium hydroxide content in the set cement increases its strength and reduces its pH. The hydroxiapatite content and the reduced pH render the cement bio-active and suitable for use in medical and dental implants, for example, for replacement bone and tooth material. Due to its high strength, the cement may also be used for structural/engineering applications.

Abstract: A hydraulic cement for biomedical applications. The cement sets in-situ, hardening when exposed to water to produce nano-dispersed composite of calcium-silicate-hydrate gel mixed with hydroxyapatite. In comparison with prior cements, the composition provides high biocompatibility, high bioactivity and high biomechanical strength, due to the composite structure of the calcium silicate hydrate reinforced with co-precipitated particles of hydroxyapatite. Biocompatibility is also increased due to an absence of aluminum and magnesium in the composition. The cement is suitable for variety of applications, including dental implants, bone fixation, and bone repair.