Abstract: The invention relates to a method for capsulating microbial, plant and animal cells or biological and chemical substances, using a nozzle to obtain small, especially spherical particles by vibrating an immobilisation mixture. According to said method, the immobilisation mixture, especially a laminar fluid jet taking the form of an immobilisation mixture, is divided into equal parts by superimposition of an external vibration. In a device especially well suited to carry out this method a metallic counter-element (18) which is mounted down-stream from the nozzle (16) at a distance (a) to, and on the outside of, the nozzle axis (A) is connected to a high-voltage source (30). The counter-element is to be embodied by a metal ring (18) through whose through hole (20) the nozzle axis (A) extends. The metal ring (18) is radially connected to an insulated support (22, 24).

Abstract: Substances such as chemical substances and biological substances including animal, vegetable and microbial cells are encapsulated using a process and an apparatus wherein a coil through which alternating current flows causes a magnet to vibrate creating vibrations such as in the range of between 300 to 4000 Hz that are transmitted to an encapsulating fluid containing the substance to form small substantially spherical particles containing the substance. The apparatus includes a pulsation chamber containing a movable wall for receiving the encapsulating fluid containing the substance to be encapsulated. A nozzle is spaced downstream from the pulsation chamber for receiving the encapsulating fluid from the pulsation chamber. A permanent magnet is mounted on the movable wall, and a coil is spaced from the permanent magnet by an air gap and is located proximate to the permanent magnet.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for guiding and collecting light which issues from a light source and which is passed in the form of an incident primary beam to a specimen or like material to be measured are intended to optimize guiding and collecting the light. That aim is achieved by a method wherein the material to be measured is disposed at a focus of a reflection surface formed at least as half an ellipsoid of revolution, and beams leaving said material are reflected at the reflection surface. In that connection, the primary beam is emitted directly in the center of the material to be measured. An apparatus of the kind set forth above is characterized in that at least the material (14) to be measured is surrounded by a reflection surface in the form at least of a half ellipsoid of revolution (13) and the material (14) to be measured is disposed at the focus (F1) thereof.

Abstract: For measuring the levels of beam intensity on surfaces the testpiece is disposed as close as possible to a location-sensitive proportional counting tube and overlaid with counting gas. The electron avalanche in the counting tube, which occurs subsequent to disassociation due to gas amplification is registered in such a way as to identify position. Because of the divergence of the particle beam from the testpiece, the degree of locational resolution of the counting tube is however insufficient for the analysis of certain isotopes. The apparatus according to the invention improves the degree of locational resolution by means of mechanical collimators which are adapted to the size of the testpiece and which in that dimension decrease continuously or in steps towards the electrode, without in that respect reducing the formation of an electron avalanche, which is precisely linked to position, on the counting wire.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for guiding and collecting light which arises or is reflected from a sample to be measured is described. The method and apparatus are intended to optimize guiding and collecting the light primarily in fluorimetry, nephelometry, luminometry and the like. The foregoing is achieved by a method which fixes the sample in a first focus of a reflector chamber having an ellipsoidal or paraboidal reflector surface of at least a half ellipsoid of revolution or paraboloid of revolution, and uses beams leaving that material which are reflected by the reflection surface. An apparatus of the kind set forth above is characterized in that at least the material to be measured is surrounded by a reflection surface of at least 2 PI sterradians of ellipsoidal or paraboloidal shape. Detectable light signals are received by a photosensitive surface positioned between a second focus of the reflector chamber and the center of the body of revolution for the case of the ellipsoid.