Abstract: The apparatus for local chemical analyses at the surface of solid materials by spectroscopy of X photoelectrons comprising an ultravacuum analysis chamber 1 wherein is housed the sample to be analyzed 2 which is connected to a manipulator 3 located outside said chamber 1, an analyzer 4 in the vicinity of the sample and an electron source 5 emitting an electron beam 10 is characterized in that it comprises between the electron beam 10 and the sample 2 which is a bulky solid material, a microsource of X photons 6 placed as close as possible to said bulky sample 2.

Abstract: A method of making a corrected plane holographic grating within one band of wavelengths, intended for use in a diffraction apparatus in which light emitted by an entry source (1) is collimated by a spherical mirror (2) to the grating (4), which reflects parallel pencils to another spherical mirror (7), a focusing mirror, is disclosed. An auxiliary holographic grating (25) is created by the interference on a spherical surface (15) of a parallel pencil of light produced by the spherical mirror (7) subsequent to reflection onto a plane mirror (12) and of a divergent pencil deriving from the center of the surface (15). The auxiliary grating, corrected by the interference on a plane surface (22) of a parallel pencil produced by the spherical mirror (2) and of another parallel pencil produced by the auxiliary grating (25) illuminated from the center of the spherical surface, is then recorded.

Abstract: Multiplexer-demultiplexer including:(a) a fiber-carrying element in which the entrance and exit fibers are embedded, with their ends in flush alignment in a plane surface of contact with the following element,(b) an element carrying the wavelength separation system, with a plane surface of contact with the fiber-carrying element and an opposite plane face of contact with the following element,(c) an intermediate element of the same index n as the element carrying the wavelength separation system, with a plane face of contact with the element carrying the wavelength separation system, and a spherical face of contact with the following element,(d) a mirror element with a spherical face of contact with the intermediate element and an opposite spherical face treated to form a concave spherical mirror towards the intermediate element.

Abstract: Multiplexer-demultiplexer device for wavelengths in an optical transmission fiber (6) for introducing therein a wavelength from an emitter (18) and for extracting wavelengths therefrom towards receivers (19), comprising several spherical mirrors (13-14) at least one of which (3) is a selective mirror with dielectric layers, selected to segregate by transmission or reflection a band containing only one of the wavelengths transmitted, or to be transmitted, by the fiber (6). The invention applies to telecommunications employing optical fibers.

Abstract: Divided function optical component, for optical telecommunications, of the type comprising optical fibers in conjugate object-image positions for regrouping or separating the light rays according to a given function. The component comprises simultaneously several groups of conjugate object-image fibers relative to the same regrouping or separation function. All the fibers are positioned in the same weak aberration area.

Abstract: Optical isolation device intended to be used at one end of an optical transmission fiber (1) to introduce therein a light from a nearby emitter and to extract therefrom and to separate lights originating from emitters placed at the other end of the fiber (1). The device comprises two optical media separated by a filter mirror (8), the emitter-fiber link (2-1) being produced in one of the media (6), the separation and the collection by the receivers (3, 4) being produced in the other of the media (7). The invention applies to telecommunications using optical fibers.

Abstract: An optical device having a Paschen-Runge mounting arrangement, suitable for splitting up the polychromatic light emitted when the sample to be analyzed is being excited, comprising a frame (1) having the shape of a circle sector, an inlet slit (21) illuminated by polychromatic light, a concave diffraction grating (4) which diffracts the bundle of polychromatic light coming from the inlet slit, outlet slits (51) worked into a slit-carrier (5) and selecting the monochromatic bundles coming from the grating, and detectors for measuring the light fluxes of the monochromatic bundles. The slit-carrier (5) consists of a flexible continuous metal ribbon, and the cylindrical support bearings (122), which serve as supports for the slit-carrier, form part of the frame and are situated on either side of an aperture for the passage of monochromatic bundles, the ends of this ribbon being fixed to the frame (1). The device is intended to be mounted in a direct reading emission spectrometer.

Abstract: A multiplexer-demultiplexer for different wavelengths carried by optical fibers (10) the ends of which are disposed in the immediate vicinity of the focus of a concave mirror (18) associated with a plane diffraction grating (15) is disclosed.The multiplexer-demultiplexer consists of four elements that are adhesively attached to one another, namely, a fiber-carrying element (1); a grating-carrying element (15); an intermediary element (3) of the same index as the element (2); and a mirror element (4) having an index of refraction different from that of element (3) and selected to compensate for longitudinal spherical aberration of the mirror (18) for at least one of the wavelengths being utilized.

Abstract: Selector for separating at least two wavelength bands from a complex light introduced into the apparatus through the end of an optical fiber (12) arranged in the immediate vicinity of the focal point of a concave mirror (5) producing a parallel beam directed towards a plane reflecting device, the return beam being focused towards an output optical fiber. It comprises at least one plane multidielectric layer (8) interposed between the concave mirror (5) and the plane reflecting device (10) and forming, with the vertex axis (6) of the concave mirror, an angle which is slightly different from that of the plane reflecting device, each multidielectric layer having a discontinuity in the vicinity of the vertex axis of the concave mirror.

Abstract: Spectrometry device capable of splitting up, for analysis, polychromatic light, thus yielding a spectrum which extends into the ultraviolet, visible and near infra-red ranges. The device makes it possible to analyze the polychromatic light coming from an excitation source and comprises a polychromator provided with a concave grating, which receives the said polychromatic light through an inlet slit in order to diffract it into monochromatic bundles of the ultraviolet region, directed onto outlet slits that are associated with measuring detectors, the slits and grating being positioned on the Rowland circle, wherein, essentially, the order O bundle, which is symmetrical to the incident bundle, relative to the perpendicular on the grating (23), is taken up by a second optical device which disperses the said bundle into monochromatic bundles of the visible or near infra-red regions, at least one outlet slit (8) selecting one monochromatic bundle, measured by a measuring detector (28).

Abstract: Coupling-extracting device for an optical signal between an upstream fibre and a downstream fibre, with continuity of the signal from upstream to downstream and at the same time extraction of part of the signal to a detector and re-injection from an emitter.It comprises an entirely reflecting system placed only in the central part of the beam between the upstream fibre and downstream fibre. The same system is used to divert towards the downstream fibre the light coming from the emitter and to prevent the direct passage of light from the emitter to the detector.

Abstract: Installation for treatment of materials for semi-conductors, starting from slices (30) gathered onto carriers (5) and treated in a series of vacuum chambers. The installation is in modular form, each module (A, B, C, D) including a straight tubular portion (1, 2, 3, 4) which forms with the adjacent modules a continuous tunnel for straight flow of the carriers (5). The carriers are driven and the slices are individually manipulated between the carriers and the treatment apparatus. The invention is applicable to treatment by epitaxis by molecular jets.

Abstract: Switching device between optical fibers, for ensuring continuity of transmission between the end of a first fiber (2) and the end of any of a group of other fibers (3). The end of the first fiber (2) is placed at the center (C) of a spherical mirror (1) and the ends of the other fibers (3) are arranged symmetrically relative to the first fiber in the plane perpendicular to the axis and passing through the center (C). The device comprises, between the fibers (2, 3) and the mirror (1), an optically deviating member (5) and means to rotate it on itself about the axis of the mirror (1).

Abstract: A liquid-phase preparative chromatographic apparatus comprising a column in the form of a cylindrical tube equipped at its lower section with a cap; a filling device to be connected by means of a compression nozzle and comprising a cylinder for actuating a non-porous solid body that compresses the stationary phase with which the column is filled by means of the compression nozzle; an injection head to be fastened onto the column after it is filled and comprising a lower wall and an injection unit having a diameter smaller than the injection head and equipped with several lateral solute supply ports, the head comprising on its upper surface a central solvent supply port and means enabling the solvent to flow around the injection unit; a pump connected to the injection head and comprising four pistons activated by cams or rods disposed at 90.degree.

Abstract: Method of concentrating a low-concentration element in a solution and removing other, high-concentration elements, using an ion exchange resin specific to the element to be concentrated.The resin is disposed in a mini-column less than 3 mm in diameter into which the solution is made to pass, the elution of the element from the resin is carried out by using a very small volume of elution liquid.The invention applies to quantitative analysis by emission spectrum in an inductive plasma, and in this case the whole of the small volume of elution liquid, previously nebulized, is simultaneously supplied to the plasma.

Abstract: High frequency inductive generator for the inductive coil of a plasma generator constituted by a head for inflow of gas into an inductive coil. The high frequency generator has a quarter wave anode resonant line oscillator circuit and a coupling circuit connected to the inductive coil. The quarter wave anode circuit is controlled from a single oscillator tube. One of the lines is connected to the anode of the tube, while the other is coupled exteriorly by capacitive coupling.The invention is used for analysis by emission spectrometry.

Abstract: Portable apparatus for welding by means of an oxy-gas flame, such as an oxy-acetylene or an oxy-petroleum gas flame or the like, comprises a device for supplying the gaseous fuel in gaseous form under pressure, a combustion oxygen generator and means for pressuring said combustion oxygen generator so as to make the oxygen available at a pressure compatible with the fuel delivery pressure, these means being realized by a connection between the oxygen generator and the fuel supply device.

Abstract: In a dye laser comprising a cavity, one end of which is closed by an angular dispersion system, and which is provided with a separator for extracting the laser beam from the cavity, the separator is arranged so that the dispersive system and the system for application of the laser beam are on the same side relative to the separating face of the separator. An aperture isolates the reference wavelength from the extracted beam.Such a laser can have very good monochromaticity and is useful wherever there is a need for high spectral purity, in particular in Raman spectrometry.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing an aerosol jet comprising an atomizing means and a flow of carrier gas for entraining the particles formed.Downstream of the atomizing means, the conduit for carrying the aerosol constitutes the central passage (20) of a double nozzle (21) whose annular passage (22) receives another dry gaseous flow. This thus forms a central flow of aerosol, which is sheathed externally by a flow of dry gas.The invention is used for the analysis of solutions by spectroscopy.

Abstract: A process for coding a set of access cards adapted to control an apparatus for opening, locking or releasing a processing device and for the ultimate determination of the validity of a card when it is presented in the apparatus, the coding being effected by the formation on the cards of at least one diffraction grating whose recognition is effected by projection of a luminous beam on the grating and analysis of the diffracted beams. The grating is formed by means of a machine having a kinematic drive which is intentionally irregularized to produce at least one deviation in the spacing of the lines of the grating which varies periodically with a determined period and maximum amplitude. The modified grating will produce a supplementary satellite diffraction beam when illuminated by the luminous beam and whose angular position and intensity is measured to establish the validity of the grating.