Abstract: A process is described for the fractionation of solutions of protein mixtures which includes the steps of subjecting such solutions to "salting-out", separation of the resulting turbidity, subsequent removal of the "salting-out" agent from the supernatant by dialysis and finally making up the original salt level of the liquid if required. Such a process may be used in therapeutic plasma exchange where removal of immunoglobulins or their complexes therefrom is desired so that the remaining albumin void of immunoglobulins can be administered back to the patient.

Abstract: A process for the removal of silica from an aqueous solution is disclosed in which the pH of the solution is adjusted to at least about 9.5 and then passed through a conventional electrodialysis cell to effect ionic transfer of the silica out of solution.

Abstract: A corrosion resistant electrode connector assembly suitable for use in electrodialysis cells is disclosed, in which a jacket of titanium pipe is closely and mechanically fitted over an electrically conducting pipe comprised, for example, of copper. The assembly is flattened, closed at one end, and drilled to receive a plurality of connecting bolts. In use, an electrical conductor cable is attached to the assembly at the open end and the connector assembly securely bolted to an electrode.

Abstract: This invention relates to cross-linked copolymers of methacrylate esters containing ionogenic functional groups capable of being converted into high efficiency electro-dialysis membranes. Such totally aliphatic polymer membranes have been found to give electrical resistances which can be as low as one half that of membranes previously synthesized as well as higher interstitial molality. This reduced resistance, in concert with a high degree of chemical and physical stability enables water desalination by electrodialysis to be performed over longer periods of useful membrane life and at a lower expenditure of electrical energy per thousand gallons of water desalted.

Abstract: Rotationally symmetric fluid distribution cell modules combinable to form stacks for the processing of solutions are disclosed. Each module comprises at least one membrane and/or diaphragm and/or electrode and a plate, the latter having a central aperture and a plurality of fluid distribution ports symmetrically spaced in a configuration about the aperture. Connecting fluid passages lead from at least one of the ports in the plate to the central aperture such that part or all of the fluid introduced into one of those ports will flow into the aperture. In some applications of the modules there will be a second connecting fluid passage leading from the aperture to a second port such that at least part of the fluid introduced into the aperture will flow out the second port.Stacking the plates in combination with different types of electrodes, membranes and/or diaphragms provides a cell stack in which a large variety of fluid treatment processes may be carried out.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of a metal salt solution is converted to the corresponding acid by hydrogen ion substitution in a four compartment electrolytic cell containing three cation permselective membranes or barriers for defining the cell compartments. In one specific embodiment the salt solution initially treated in the intermediate compartment located adjacent to the cathode compartment is further treated by passing into the intermediate compartment located adjacent the anode compartment and thereafter removing the same as the final acid product. Such a flow arrangement prevents or reduces loss of hydrogen or citrate ions into the cathode compartment resulting in an increased acid yield with increased current efficiency.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of a metal salt solution is converted to the corresponding acid by hydrogen ion substitution in a four compartment electrolytic cell containing three cation permselective membranes or barriers for defining the cell compartments. In one specific embodiment the salt solution initially treated in the intermediate compartment located adjacent to the cathode compartment is further treated by passing into the intermediate compartment located adjacent the anode compartment and thereafter removing the same as the final acid product. Such a flow arrangement prevents or reduces loss of hydrogen or citrate ions into the cathode compartment resulting in an increased acid yield with increased current efficiency.