Abstract: An electronic passport in the form of a booklet, bearing a plurality of sheets sewn there among at the respective longitudinal center lines is described. The electronic passport has a cover sheet and a data sheet. The cover sheet has a layer made of fabric, an electronic inlay and an internal flyleaf layer and embedding an electronic data storage means provided with an antenna for radio transmission. The data sheet is made by a first and a second layer of plastic material. The data sheet defines a data page bearing identification data of a subject and a connecting page made fixed with the cover sheet, and also comprises an intermediate layer of flexible material extending at the center line of sewing.

Abstract: Holograms and diffraction gratings are described wherein the presence of a "key-colour" (Magenta) permits an observer to identify the position where all the other colours of the hologram in question can be univocally determined. Two set of spectra are provided such that at a predetermined angle a reference beam of incident white-light illuminating the hologram or diffraction grating composition will cause the observer to see the color "Magenta" which is to be used as a reference "key-colour".

Abstract: A coin blank, particularly for minting of coins and the like, is formed by an external element of metal or metal alloy having a central aperture, on the edge surface of which are cut perimetrally a series of spaced grooves, and by an internal element, of metal or metal alloy different from the former, on the edge surface of which is formed a perimetral ridge, said external and internal elements being coupled inseparably during the minting operation through the plastic flow of the material from said perimetral ridge into said grooves in said external element and through the firm fitting of the material from said ridge into the portions of the edge surface of said central aperture in said external element, provided between adjacent grooves.

Abstract: A coin blank for the coining of coins, medals and like products, obtained by the forced joining of two metal parts, each of them being of different metal or metal alloy, one forming the internal central part and the other the external perimetrical part, said forced joining of said two component parts being carried out, in a definitive and inseparable way, preferably upon the minting operation.