Abstract: In order to melt snow and prevent freezing without consuming energy wastefully and to monitor a road surface state remotely, a road surface sensor includes: a rotating stand provided so as to be reciprocatingly rotatable upward on the road surface; a snow-melting/freezing heat quantity measurement dummy road surface having an electric heater buried therein and to use as a reference road surface for heat quantity measurement to derive a melting heat quantity for snow falling on the surface and a heat quantity required for freezing prevention; a reference light irradiating/reflected light receiving device that is attached so as to be rotatable with the rotating stand; a space reflected light receiving device; a non-contact road temperature measuring device; a non-contact snow cover depth measuring device; a road surface image pickup device; and a moisture sensor.

Abstract: A bridge of shock-absorbing construction is disclosed, which includes horizontal members arranged in series, vertical members supporting the horizontal members, and connectors for connecting the adjacent horizontal members or for connecting the horizontal member and the vertical member, wherein shock absorbers formed from a material with an elastic modulus in flexure over 200 kgf/cm2 and each having a wall structure in a shock-loading direction are disposed on the connectors or at the points of contact between the horizontal members or between the horizontal member and the vertical member.