Abstract: A focusing lens having a focal length f is provided at a position spaced a distance L apart from a substance to be measured in the fluid state, the relationship between L and f is controlled, so that the formula:0.95f.ltoreq.L.ltoreq.1.05fis constantly satisfied, and the light emitted when a high output pulse laser irradiates the surface of the substance to be measured is analyzed spectroscopically so that the influence of variations on the surface of the substance to be measured can be avoided and a stabilized laser emission spectroscopically analysis on-line can be conducted as the substance to be measured flows.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing a sample with a supercritical fluid includes a fluid container containing as an extraction solvent a fluid obtained by compressing and liquefying a substance which is a gas at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. A pump is provided for drawing the fluid from its container through a suction line and delivering it through a delivery line, while the heads of the pump are cooled by a cooling device. An extraction mechanism is provided for bringing the fluid in a supercritical state into contact with the sample to be analyzed and extracting a specific component or components from the sample. A trapping mechanism is provided downstream of the extraction mechanism for collecting the extracted component or components from the fluid. An analyzing mechanism can be connected to the trapping mechanism by changeover valves for analyzing the collected component or components.

Abstract: In a ratio-type double-beam infrared spectrophotometer, an output signal of the photodetector is frequency discriminated to derive therefrom a component having a fundamental frequency f corresponding to at least one of the sample and reference beam intensities and another component having a frequency 2f corresponding to at least the other beam intensity, and these frequency components are computed to determine the ratio of the sample beam intensity to the reference beam intensity. According to the invention, the component of fundamental frequency f is synchronously rectified into a rectified signal which is further differentiated into a differential value, the differential value is subtracted from the rectified signal to give a signal which is compensated for rapid changes of spectral absorption due to the presence of H.sub.2 O and CO.sub.2 in the beam paths during wavelength scanning and is used as the f-component signal.

Abstract: A double-beam spectrophotometer for spectral analysis of a sample in the infrared region is provided in which to eliminate errors in measurement of the absorbance of the sample caused by undesired thermal radiation from the sample itself, first and second sectors are used for division and recombination of beam paths and coordinated such that a detector which receives a beam along the combined beam path produces output signals consisting of components having a frequency f associated with the cycle of operation of the sectors and components having a frequency 2f, those components having frequencies f and 2f are independently derived out of the detector output signals, and the ratio of the components is computed, thereby obtaining the ratio of intensity of sample beam to reference beam independent of the undesired thermal radiation.

Abstract: In a double-beam spectrophotometer intended for spectral analysis in the infrared region, inputs to a light detector are switched to dark, reference light, sample light, and reference light in this order, and those components in an output signal of the detector which have a fundamental frequency corresponding to one cycle of the switching and a frequency twice the fundamental frequency undergo arithmetic operation to determine the ratio of the sample to reference light intensity, which is representative of the transmittance of the sample.

Abstract: A continuous drive type Michelson interferometer system for use in Fourier spectroscopy, having a main Michelson interferometer for obtaining the interferogram of a sample, an auxiliary Michelson interferometer for detecting the moving speed of a movable mirror of said main Michelson interferometer, and a control section for controlling the driving speed of said movable mirror. In said control section, the AC output signal of a photodetector is converted into a voltage corresponding to the frequency of the signal, said voltage is compared with a preset voltage by a voltage difference detection means, the phase of said AC output of said photodetector is compared with a phase of a reference signal by a phase comparison means, and said driving speed is controlled by both the outputs of said voltage difference detection means and said phase comparison means.

Abstract: In a spectrophotometer of double beam type using automatic gain control, preparatory scanning is first carried out by scanning reference and sample cells with radiation of varying wavelengths both in an empty state, and controlling the gain of a photo detector at each wavelength such that a detector output responding to a sample cell transmitted beam may become constant while storing a detector output responding to a reference cell transmitted beam. Measurement of a sample material is then carried out at each wavelength by scanning the reference cell and the sample material-charged sample cell, reading out the reference output stored in the preparatory scanning stage as a reference voltage, and controlling the gain of the detector such that a detector output responding to a reference cell transmitted beam may be equal to the reference voltage.

Abstract: In a spectrophotometer of double beam type comprising a radiation source, reference and sample cells, a photo detector, and beam path switching means, a current-voltage converting amplifier and a logarithmic amplifier in parallel connection are connected to the photo detector. In measuring the transmittance of a sample material in the sample cell, an output of the detector responding to a sample cell transmitted beam is directly supplied to the logarithmic amplifier without undergoing current-voltage conversion while an output of the detector responding to a reference cell transmitted beam is supplied to the current-voltage converting amplifier without undergoing logarithmic amplification.

Abstract: An apparatus for taking up and discharging liquid has at least one piston cylinder which responds to a command by taking up or discharging liquid, the arrangement being such that the number of liquid uptake operations is preset, with the piston cylinder being instructed to perform the discharge operation when the number of uptake operations actually performed is detected to exceed said preset number. A plurality of different liquid specimens can be mixed, and the mixture diluted when so desired, through a simple operation which assures great accuracy.

Abstract: A sample introducing device, placed in the midway of an analyzing apparatus having a sample flowing route and a carrier fluid flowing route, in which device a valve disc rotatably disposed under urging force between a pair of supporting members, provided with a sample flowing passage and a carrier fluid flowing passage, in a sandwiched manner, is manually rotated with a handle so as to switch a sample flowing hole made in the valve disc for containing a predetermined amount of a sample to a position alignable with the carrier fluid flowing passage. By this simple operation of rotating the valve disc the desired amount of the sample can be transferred to the carrier fluid flowing passage, through the switching over of the sample flowing hole, for being flowed to an apparatus for analysis.

Abstract: A mobile phase supplying method in a liquid chromatography which is characterized in a disposition of a second plunger pump unit, in addition to the conventional way of employing one plunger pump unit (a first pump). The second plunger pump unit is disposed in series with the first plunger pump unit, being connected to the suction side of the first pump with the discharge side of the second pump, in order to synchronously supply the same amount of mobile phase discharged from the first pump to the suction side thereof by the second pump for the purpose of preventing the suction side of the first pump from being exposed to an occurrence of negative pressure. The apparatus for realizing the method is provided, in its double-pumped structure, with a connecting rod having on either end thereof a first and second plungers, between both pump units, which are synchronously and coaxially driven by a common driving system.

Abstract: Simplified method and apparatus for connecting a liquid chromatograph, particularly of a high-performance type, directly to a mass spectrometer without using any complicated devices conventionally available, for the purpose of continuous and stable mass spectrometric measurement of a liquid sample, either liquid or solution, more commonly an effluent supplied directly from a column of the liquid chromatograph or an aliquot portion thereof extracted through a simple and ordinary splitter, or any other liquid samples prepared for the mass spectrometric analysis. Such a liquid sample is first sprayed into finely divided particles by a nebulizing means mainly consisting of a double-tubing capillary so that the sample is easily vaporized, and finally introduced into an ionizing portion of the mass spectrometer in continuous and stable manner.

Abstract: An open tubular capillary column, for high-speed micro liquid chromatography made of a glass tube of the inner diameter not more than 0.10 mm, having the net inside capacity not less than 0.5 .mu.l, the inner surface of which hollow glass tube being chemically bonded, in order to provide a stationary phase there, with at least one silane or its derivative such as octadecylsilane to form a polymeric layer. This invention includes the manufacturing method of such a column.

Abstract: A system for and a method of providing an eluent composed of two different kinds of liquids being mixed at a set concentration and further a time varying concentration or mixing ratio, comprising (a) a step for transferring each of the two liquids by sucking under low-pulsation to on-off valves; (b) a step for periodically controlling the operation of the on-off valves; (c) a step for controlling the amount of each liquid supplied to the mixing region during each period of valve operation; (d) a step for substantially sucking the eluent formed by the above steps in the mixing region for discharging or supplying the same under the same low-pulsation, whereby a mixing of the two liquids under an atmospheric or a low constant pressure, can be effected and a supply of an eluent having a precisely controlled time varying concentration of each liquid can also be effected, and a system for providing such an eluent.

Abstract: A method of accurate sample introduction, while holding a good reproductivity, into a chromatographic system by means of employing a pulse-motor as a driving source of a syringe for holding the mobile phase, inversely rotating the same pulse-motor by imparting a certain predetermined number of pulses during the sample collecting or picking-up period in order to cause the syringe to make a sucking action, and making the syringe suck certain predetermined amount of the sample from an open end of a mobile phase supplying line which has been disconnected from the column, and an apparatus for actualizing the method.

Abstract: A column used for high speed liquid chromatography which is characterized in (a) eminent separating ability suitable for microanalysis while having a small internal diameter, (b) minimizing the separation impediment due to minute flaws, tiny recesses or the like on the inner surface thereof, and (c) facilitating packing operation of particulate packing or support material thereinto, by enabling the material to closely contact not only with each other but also with the inner surface of the column that can yield to a necessary extent.