Abstract: The invention is in concern of a method for measuring the electrophoretic mobility of particles in a liquid test sample in order to improve the precision of the electrophoretic measurement and to reduce in particular the operational expenditures in such a method.By use of considerably simple means a very precise time measurement of the mobility of particles is obtained free from any subjective influences with respect to the selection of the particles to be evaluated and to the time measurement. Accordingly, signals variable with respect to their frequency and visualized on the screen of a monitor are derived from out of video synchronization pulses, said signals are logically combined to the digitalized adjustable image scanning signals, improved in their signal-to-noise ratio.The output signals of this combination effect a counting operation dependent on the particle mobility.

Abstract: The invention is in concern of a method and a device for moving a liquid sample material in a measuring chamber, particularly for use in electrophoretic measurements. To permit precise measurements the remaining sample material is prevented from mixing with the sample material under test. The valves employed have to be closed in the course of the sample movement. This is realized in displacing the sample material by means of two pistons rigidly connected to each other and arranged in a by-pass of the measuring chamber.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electronic correlator for the evaluation of stereo-couples of photographs. Said electronic correlator comprises a normal correlator into which non-delayed signals are fed which in turn are derived from homologous points of each of the photographs of said stereo-couples. It further comprises an auto-correlator into which the image signals are fed non-delayed from the one photograph and delayed from the other photograph. A subtraction unit is connected to the normal correlator and to the auto-correlator. Furthermore two orthogonal correlators are provided into which the delayed and non-delayed image signals derived from the two photographs are fed crosswise delayed and non-delayed. The two orthogonal correlators are followed by a subtraction unit. By virtue of such an arrangement the trend inherent in the image signal functions to be correlated are taken into consideration and thus the quality of the image correlation is increased.

Abstract: The invention concerns an arrangement for enabling laser spectral analysis of chemical components contained in a target material, by utilizing the respective line spectra of the atoms involved.A laser beam is focused by an optical system upon the surface of the target material to evaporize portions thereof and to form a material cloud which is excited in the vicinity of the laser focus to emit a radiation.The focus itself emits a continuous radiation which passes said cloud along the longest extension of the latter and is imaged by the optical system into a spectrograph, where an absorption spectrum of the target material is produced. Simultaneously, an emission spectrum of the target material is imaged into the spectrograph when the light emitted from the material cloud at right angles to the direction of the focused laser beam is utilized.In this manner the evaluation of spectra is considerably simplified.

Abstract: This invention is in concern of a gear means for control of planet projectors in planetaria which does without a continuous year's axis shaft. The orbit speeds for the respective projectors are derived from the preceding one in such a manner that, by use of planetary gears and by definite transmission ratios of the toothed components, the speed is transmitted from the faster rotating projectors to the slower rotating projectors. The projectors are mounted on discs which are driven at the correct speed. The toothed components of the planetary gears are also seated on said discs. The toothed components mesh with gear wheels which are mounted on a tubular shaft which holds the entire gear arrangement, thus effecting the speed transformation. The inventional gear arrangement is used to simulate planet movements in planetaria.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device for a very precise analyse of fine structures by means of optical filtration. The intensity maxima derived from the radiation energy emitted by a defecteous structure are measured from a definite magnitude of error downward.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring angles, particularly for use in theodolites employs light electric detectors to carry out physical measurements. An index mark which is used in the measuring operation is arranged together with at least one reading position of a graduated circle in the object plane of an imaging system. The latter images the reading position of the graduated circle on to a first light electric detector and the index mark on to a second light electric detector. When two reading positions are used to obtain the reading value then the first reading position is imaged on to the second reading position which, together with the index mark, lies in the object plane of the imaging system. The common arrangement of the reading position and the index mark in the object plane of the imaging system eliminates any inaccuracies of the optical components and hence, accidental measuring errors. So it is possible to do without a very complicated light electrical evaluation system.

Abstract: A device for photogrammetric evaluation of stereo-couples of photographs which are scanned light electrically and, in order to obtain height coordinate values, are evaluated by correlation.The device is particularly useful in the evaluation of aerial photographs. To reduce correlation errors due to interfering signals obtained from different correlator signal channels and, hence, to increase the precision of a correlation operation, at one time only the informations from one correlator signal channel in each of the two scanning channels are exploited to obtain the informations from the scanned stereo-pair of photographs.Therefore, it is desireable that, in the course of the correlation operation, the highly resolving correlator signal channels are predominantly and for a considerable long time employed to correlate the informations. According to the invention gate circuits are inserted between the correlator signal channels and the discriminator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a manipulation device for precision adjustment of plane pattern bearing substrates being provided with two adjustment marks which are at different distances relative to a reference mark, which is, for example, a graduation plate. Such a substrate can be, for example, an intermediate negative or the like which is required in the course of a photolithographic mask production of integrated circuits. The manipulation device is constructed in such a manner that the pattern bearing substrate is substantially aligned relative to a reference mark by two orthogonal displacements and one rotation. This is accomplished by three displacement members which act upon a slide. Said slide, upon which the pattern bearing substrate is disposed, permits displacements parallel to the plane of the latter. Said displacement members are so arranged that the vectors of the orthogonal displacement actions pass one of the two adjustment marks.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device for positioning an object particularly for an accurate adjustment of semiconductor substrate discs relative to a structured mask. The object disposed on an object mount is independently displaced in x- and y-direction, and rotated in a plane defined by the x, y directions. The displacement and rotation operations and in particularly the respective paths involved do not influence each other.This is accomplished by three displacement members which directly act upon said object mount in such a manner that one displacement member is arranged in the x-coordinate direction, the point of action being in the intersection of the x, y-coordinate system.The two other displacement members act in parallel to the y-coordinate direction, their points of action lying on the x-coordinate.The inventional device can be employed with advantage when an object located in a plane has to be aligned relative to a reference object.

Abstract: An angle measuring device comprises a base, a telescope seated thereupon for rotation about an axis, a graduated circle having a line division, a micrometer for subdividing said line division, and photoelectric scanners for detecting angular values from said line division and from said micrometer. A graduated plate provided with a reticle is located in said telescope. Said reticle has a zone limited by two line marks which are arranged in parallel and symmetrically to and on either side of one of the reticle lines. Said two lines are spaced from said reticle line by a width which is at least double the size of one division interval of the graduated circle line division.

Abstract: An automatic stereo plotter comprises a correlator and a follow-up unit, which is preferably employed to follow-up a measuring mark in z-direction relative to a stereo model to be evaluated. In order to improve the efficiency of the stereo plotter additional means are provided which increase the amplification factor between the parallax error signals at the output of the image correlator and the follow-up signals. Thus variations in the video signals derived from the measuring photographs are compensated for. Such means are, for example, an adjustable amplifier, which can be set to a plurality of stable amplification factors, and an analog multiplier which, due to a corresponding control voltage, permits a continuous variation of the amplification.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrode arrangement for improving the ignition readiness of gas discharge lamps, particularly for flash tubes. The ignition electrodes consist of a plurality of wire loops which surround the surface of a gas discharge tube. The mutual space between neighboring wire loops is smaller in the center portion of the tube than towards both end portions.

Abstract: Due to its dopant structure, the radiant band of a III(A) - V(B) type luminescent diode, emitting light radiation in the plane of the PN-junction, possesses differences in delay time of .ltoreq. 10.sup.-10 seconds, which permit an extension to higher frequencies.The dopant structure is characterized by an n.sup.+ type basic material incorporating an impurity concentration of N.sub.D .gtoreq. 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3, and by a graded acceptor dopant profile which within the radiant region has a gradient of .ltoreq. 10.sup.22 cm.sup.-4 and a gradient of .gtoreq. 10.sup.23 cm.sup.-4 in the vicinity of the p.sup.+ region. Thus the injection conditions in respect to the quantum efficiencies and to the frequency range are improved. The diode is fabricated by a diffusion process and/or a liquid epitaxial process, in which definite temperatures and time relations have to be satisfied.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with a ferroelectric photoconductive optical storage, comprising a sandwich arrangement constituted by a plurality of alternating ferroelectric and photoconductive layers enclosed between a pair of transmissive layer electrodes. The material of the ferroelectric layers is selected from bismuth titanate, the electrode material from SnO.sub.2 or InO.sub.2, the layer thickness of the first is about 2.mu. and of the latter between 200 and 300 A, whereas the photoconductive layers, the material of which is selected from CdS, is about 1.mu.. The layers are produced by sputtering. Such a multi-layer storage ensures a diffraction effectivity of about 10 percent and a resolution of 500 lines per millimeter when phase reading is employed at a wavelength of .lambda.= 6000 A.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a photogrammetrical camera includes a frosted glass adjacent to which or in an optically conjugate plane thereto a transparent planoparallel sheet of voltage sensitive material is arranged. Spaced electrodes are allocated to the one face of said sheet and a sheet electrode to the other face. Each of the spaced electrodes is connected to respective outputs of an electronic counter, which in dependence of a tunable pulse generator applies voltage pulses to the spaced electrodes and the sheet electrode, both sandwiching said sheet of voltage sensitive material and rendering visible the inbetween portions of said material when submitted to a potential so that lines or a cyclic pattern of lines appear. The voltage sensitive material can be liquid or gaseous or solid and can be sandwiched between two substantially plano-parallel plates which have the respective electrodes or electrode on their inner faces.

Abstract: An optical interferometer, particularly for use in measurements of length, employs a light transmissive splitting cube which is provided with three beam splitting faces in parallel to each other. A light bundle entering the splitting cube is split into two partial light bundles.After passage of an optical path within the splitting cube both partial light bundles interfere with each other and produce an interference pattern. Light portions of said interference pattern interfere with each other after having passed separate light paths. Both interference patterns so produced are 90.degree. phase-shifted relative to each other. This phase shift permits a unique determination of direction in variations of length.

Abstract: A projecting device, particularly for use in photogrammetry, employs a Fresnel condensor for illuminating a picture carrier which is imaged through an objective, including a diaphragm, onto a projection table. At least half of the illumination rays entering said objective, is suppressed by said diaphragm. The Fresnel condensor and the severe stopping-down of the objective produce interfering chromatical effects on the projection table. Said chromatical effects are eliminated either by means of a bi- or multifocal embodiment of the Fresnel lens or by insertion of optical means which extend the optical illumination path or by a respective embodiment of the light source.

Abstract: A device for positioning substrate wafers with a flat zone on their periphery comprises a support in which a tilting member is tiltably mounted by means of a pinion. The tilting member is provided with two rollers rotatably seated thereon for guiding a belt in the longitudinal direction of said tilting member. At least one of said rollers is driven by a respective drive means. A support track is arranged on the longitudinal side of the tilting member for receiving said substrate wafers.

Abstract: In an arrangement for control of aerial cameras an objective for imaging a surveyed area onto a projection plane is employed. The image frequency and the drift are determined from the speed and the direction of the image motion on the projection plane, whereas the grey values are exploited for the exposure setting of the camera. The obtained parameters are used for controlling the camera. The projection plane is covered at least partially by one or more than one digital photo detector matrix. The signals produced are fed into an information processing stage connected to the photodetector matrix for being processed in accordance with a preselected program. An output unit controls the camera in dependence of the processed signals. The projection plane can be arranged in the image plane of the camera objective and can be employed to evaluate the entire photogram.