Abstract: Large hollow curved beams and arches are inexpensively produced by curving individual shallow components, such as channels, that are then tiered to form a large laminated member. Smaller beams or arches can be made by tiering the components, curving them all at one time, then fastening them together. Individual layers of curved components are usually fastened together consecutively or in multiple laminations to construct a member with a much higher moment of inertia than the sum of the moments of inertia of the layers in a non-fastened state.

Abstract: A highly tensioned membrane structure supported by vertical curved arches that are semi-rigid or flexible in that they may sway in high winds. The tensioned membrane has sufficient inward curvature between arches to oppose arch deflection which greatly reduces the arch cross-section required. Such flexible arches require special erection procedures such as raising the arches by "bunching" or "ganging" them together or the use of an auxilary erection arch to prevent arch deformation during erection, especially when heavy membranes are attached to the arches. All of the arches are raised at once or in groups that support a section of the structure. The sections are then attached to each other along with end closures, if any.