Abstract: A combination of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and external laser sources is used for microphotocoagulation purposes. An opto-mechanical linkage device and beamsplitter is used to align the pivot point of the Maxwellian view of the scanning laser ophthalmoscope with the pivot point of non-scanning external laser beams. The same pivot point is necessary to minimize wavefront aberrations and to enable precise focussing of a therapeutic laser beam on the retina. An AOM and/or two-dimensional AOD can be inserted in the pathway of the Gaussian therapeutic beam to control intensity and spatial pattern of small and short-duration pulses. The location of the external laser beam on the retina is determined with the help of two synchronized detectors and image processing. One detector is used to localize moving fiducial landmarks of the retina. A second detector is used to locate on the retina the external laser aiming beam. Two different confocal apertures are used.

Abstract: Maxwellian view and modulation control options for the scanning laser ophthalmoscope allow knowing, maintaining and systematically varying the entrance location of the Maxwellian view used for imaging or functional testing of a particular retinal test location. The scanning laser ophthalmoscope simultaneously images for subsequent digital image processing the anterior and posterior segment of the eye by using a second Newtonian imaging device or by repositioning the entrance location of the Maxwellian view in such way that vignetting of the anatomical pupil occurs. In the second method, the fixation target is systematically moved within the visible border of the anatomical pupil in order to use another entrance location of the Maxwellian view for a given retinal test location.

Abstract: A combination of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and external laser sources is used for microphotocoagulation or the measurement of wavefront aberrations across the pupil of the eye. An opto-mechanical linkage device allows independent positioning of the pivot point of the Maxwellian view of the scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the pivot point of non-scanning external laser beams. The same pivot point is necessary to minimize wavefront aberrations and to enable precise focussing of a therapeutic laser beam on the retina. The pivot point of an external diagnostic laser beam is systematically moved across the anatomical pupil when wavefront aberrations of the eye optics are to be measured. The retinal location of the external laser beam is determined with two synchronized detectors and digital image processing techniques. One detector is used to localize moving fiducial landmarks of the retina.

Abstract: A combination of scanning laser ophthalmoscope and therapeutic laser source expands the range of clinical applications of the conventional scanning laser ophthalmoscope, being capable of simultaneous imaging, microperimetry and the delivery of therapeutic laser applications to the retina in a preferred non-contact mode. The combination, including a therapeutic laser source, optic-mechanical Maxwellian view coupling device allowing a similar Maxwellian view entrance location in the eye for both the scanning laser ophthalmoscope and therapeutic laser source, and real-time electronic registration of the therapeutic beam location, permits precise positioning and dosage of the retinal applications. Additional safety mechanisms include a shutter activation based on digital image processing techniques.

Abstract: A combination of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and external laser sources is used for microphotocoagulation purposes. An opto-mechanical linkage device and beamsplitter is used to align the pivot point of the Maxwellian view of the scanning laser ophthalmoscope with the pivot point of non-scanning external laser beams. The same pivot point is necessary to minimize wavefront aberrations and to enable precise focussing of a therapeutic laser beam on the retina. The location of the external laser beam on the retina is determined with the help of two synchronized detectors and image processing. One detector is used to localize moving fiducial landmarks of the retina. A second detector is used to locate on the retina the external laser aiming beam. Two different confocal apertures are used. Polarizing the aiming beam is necessary to further reduce unwanted reflections from the anterior corneal surface.

Abstract: A binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscope expands the range of clinical applications of the conventional scanning laser ophthalmoscope, being able of presenting the scanning laser raster with or without graphics to one eye or to both at the same time and simultaneously allowing the observation of either eye or both on the display monitor. The device, including a beamsplitter, mirrors, and optical filters, enables switching up to video between the different options without the need for moving the scanning laser ophthalmoscope from one eye to the other. Lenses can be inserted in the optical pathway for the correction of ametropia. A pupillary distance control for both eyes optimizes the Maxwellian view on both sides.