Abstract: Processes for treating fly ash to enhance the fly ash as a pozzolan for portland cement mixes and to separate therefrom a substantial carbon compound and/or to increase the fineness of the fly ash include the treatment of a fly ash slurry with ultrasonic energy using ultrasonic horns immersed in a slurry of fly ash and water and imparting to said slurry such ultrasonic energy as to cause microscopic cavities to form and implode with high localized energy to break up fly ash agglomerations along cleavage lines and to break up carbon particles and matrices which have entrapped fly ash microspheres therein to release the microspheres into the slurry. A conditioner agent may be added at or during ultrasonic treatment to enhance the flotation of the carbon compound.

Abstract: A cementitious mixture includes hydraulic cement, fly ash, and an effective amount of unfired nature finely divided material, such as a clay, containing at least about 35% alumina, to accelerate the early strength of a mix. A method of accelerating early strength in a cementitious mix comprises the adding of alumina in the form of an unfired raw material, such as clay, in an effective amount in such mix.

Abstract: Asphaltic roofing material, such as roll or shingle roofing, employs Class F fly ash as the filler to the asphaltic base material. The fly ash is readily heated and promotes a more rapid cooling of the composite asphaltic web prior to rolling or cutting into shingles. The Class F fly ash comprises between 40% and 70% of the hot asphaltic mixture, by weight. It may be delivered to the roofing plant in a state of elevated temperature from the fly ash source to reduce the requirement for preheating the fly ash or eliminating the preheating step altogether. The slightly acidic content of fly ash discourages the growth of fungus and mold on the roofing material in hot and humid climates, and the resulting shingle has enhanced overall flexibility and resistance to cracking at low temperatures.

Abstract: A method of treating fly ash which has a moisture content and which also has a high carbon particle content includes the steps of heating the fly ash to a temperature sufficient to break the bond between the fly ash and the carbon particles caused by the moisture content, applying the heated fly ash in a relatively thin layer to the surface of a belt-type conveyor and subjecting the layer of heated fly ash to the effects of an electrostatic charging zone while repeatedly mechanically rearranging the orientation of the fly ash particles in the zone for causing the carbon particles to take a charge and become attracted to an electrode so that the same may be separated from the layer. Apparatus for separating carbon particles from fly ash includes a generally horizontal conveyor, and a hopper which applies fly ash to be treated in a layer on the surface of a conductive belt.

Abstract: A cementitious mixture includes hydraulic cement, fly ash, and an effective amount of unfired nature finely divided material, such as a clay, containing at least about 35% alumina, to accelerate the early strength of a mix. A method of accelerating early strength in a cementitious mix comprises the adding of alumina in the form of an unfired raw material, such as clay, in an effective amount in such mix.

Abstract: Asphaltic roofing material, such as roll or shingle roofing, employs Class F fly ash as the filler to the asphaltic base material. The fly ash is more readily heated than conventional crushed limestone which has been used as a filler, and further promotes a more rapid cooling of the composite asphaltic web prior to rolling or cutting into shingles. The Class F fly ash comprises between 40% and 70% of the hot asphaltic mixture, by weight. It may be delivered to the roofing plant in a state of elevated temperature from the fly ash source to reduce the requirement for preheating the fly ash or eliminating the preheating step altogether. The slightly acidic content of fly ash discourages the growth of fungus and mold on the roofing material in hot and humid climates, and the resulting shingle has greater overall flexibility and resistance to cracking at low temperatures, as compared to a shingle in which crushed limestone is used as the inert filler.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for reducing the carbon content of fly ash are disclosed. The fly ash is subjected to an inclined surface having first and second vibratory sources for respectively moving the fly ash from the elevated end of the incline to the lower end and to disaggregate and stratify a high carbon fraction from an enhanced fly ash fraction. The second vibratory source, in combination with the inclined surface, separates the lighter, high carbon fraction while the heavier enhanced fly ash fraction travels toward the lower end of the incline. An air jet and associated vacuum draft pull the high carbon fraction from the incline, leaving the enhanced fly ash portion for use, after removal from the surface, as an example, as acceptable mineral admixture for use in Portland Cement concrete.

Abstract: The invention provides an artificial cultch for mollusca formed of coal or lignite combustion by products (CCBP) such as fly ash and bottom ash with an optional binder, lime or Portland Cement The cultches are hemispherical or round-shaped and may be randomly stacked in a reef with interstitial void spaces for mollusca growth. The invention also provides a method of mass-producing these cultches.

Abstract: A mixing apparatus for mixing materials of various consistencies includes a pair of mixer shafts having radially extending blades thereon for mixing the material as the shafts rotate. Each shaft is driven by a hydraulic motor and the hydraulic motors are located in separate hydraulic fluid circuits. The relative rotational orientation of the shafts to each other is controlled by appropriate control of the separate hydraulic fluid circuits. In addition, a mixer body incorporating the mixer shafts is suspended from a frame of the apparatus by means of cables such that the mixer body may be lifted and lowered relative to the frame. The mixer body is provided with an aperture through which material may be loaded into the body and through which material may be emptied out of the body by actuating the cables to rotate the body to an inverted position.

Abstract: A two-part road base stabilization mix consists of lime kiln dust made from non-dolomitic or high calcium limestone having 10% or less magnesium oxide in the final product, is combined with an aggregate employing from 3 to 30% by weight of lime kiln dust, and the remaining weight consisting of aggregate.