Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing ethanol by carrying out the following steps: performing enzymatic saccharification of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass in a reaction system; performing ethanol fermentation of fermentable sugars obtained from the saccharified pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass in the same reaction zone as the enzymatic saccharification; distilling ethanol directly off from a reaction treatment liquid in the reaction zone, so as to recover the ethanol.

Abstract: A method to measure exhaust-gas components are determined by exposing a surface of a part to exhaust gas, cleansing the surface exposed to the exhaust gas with a solvent, and measuring the pH of the solvent obtained in the cleansing process. Alternatively, the electric conductivity of the solvent after the exposure is measured. The acidic matter, selectively at least one of NOx or SOx in the exhaust gas can be quantified. The larger the pH value or conductivity, the higher the density of electrolytes, selectively SOx or Nox in the exhaust gas.

Abstract: Improving the beneficial use of waste material from a vegetation source, a biomass is fermented to produce a bio-fuel and carbon. The bio-fuel can be at least ethanol and bio-diesel and the resulting carbon can used to produce ink for printers. When the biomass is tree matter, a biocatalyst can extracted from the tree matter prior to fermentation. A component of the biocatalyst is used to cleanse internal combustion engine exhaust emissions by spraying the biocatalyst onto a exhaust emission gas. The sprayed exhaust emission gas can be filtered and the filtration by-product can be collected.