Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a medium; a specimen; a method for preparing the specimen; a method for observing the specimen; a sample cell; and an electron microscope capable of easily solving the problem of charge-up and further capable of observing a real shape or the like of a sample with a SEM, a TEM or the like. For the purpose of achieving the above-described object, the present invention uses an electrical conductivity-imparting liquid medium, for use in a microscope, which includes an ionic liquid as an essential component thereof and is impregnated into the entirety of a SEM or TEM sample or applied to the observation surface of a SEM or TEM sample to impart electrical conductivity at least to the observation surface of the sample. According to the present invention, the charge built up on the sample surface can be released simply by impregnating or coating the sample with the ionic liquid, and hence the problem of charge-up can be easily solved.

Abstract: A three-dimensional fractal-structure body partially or entirely comprises a three-dimensional fractal structure, the fractal structure body having a local minimum value at a particular wavelength determined by structural and material factors of the fractal structure in a transmissivity for electromagnetic waves and/or a local minimum value at a particular wavelength determined by structural and material factors of the fractal structure in the reflectivity for electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: An optically sampling device optically samples an optical analog signal using a sampled signal having a predetermined sampling frequency, and outputs control light having a pulse train of an optically sampled optical analog signal. A signal generating device generates a pulse train of signal light which is synchronized with the sampled signal. An optical encoding device optically encodes the pulse train of the signal light according to the control light, by using optical encoders each including nonlinear optical loop mirrors, and outputs pulse trains of optically encoded signal light from said optical encoders, respectively. An optically quantizing device performs optical threshold processing on the pulse trains of optically-encoded signal light to optically quantize them, by using at least one of optical threshold processors each of which is connected to each of said optical encoders and includes a nonlinear optical device, and outputs optically quantized pulse trains as optical digital signals.

Abstract: A nanosize heater-mounted nozzle is configured of a nozzle for locally supplying a source gas toward a substrate W; a pair of electrodes located on a side face of the nozzle; and a nanosize heater formed of carbon nanotube or the like, in which the nanosize heater is connected between the electrodes so as to pass over the opening of the nozzle, for heating the source gas by current flowing, whereby easily realizing localized deposition within a limited region on a substrate.

Abstract: A lateral bipolar CMOS integrated circuit having an inverter circuit including an n-channel MOS transistor and a p-channel MOS transistor, and having four terminals of: a gate input terminal Vin connected with the gates of the n-channel MOS transistor and the p-channel MOS transistor; an output terminal Vout connected with the drains of the n-channel MOS transistor and the p-channel MOS transistor; a p-type base terminal connected with a p-type substrate of the n-channel MOS transistor; and an n-type base terminal connected with an n-type substrate of the p-channel MOS transistor. The n-channel MOS transistor operates in a hybrid mode which is the hybrid of an operation mode of the MOS transistor and that of an npn lateral bipolar transistor which is inherent in the n-channel MOS transistor. The p-channel MOS transistor operates in a hybrid mode which is the hybrid of an operation mode of the MOS transistor and that of a pnp lateral bipolar transistor which is inherent in the p-channel MOS transistor.