Abstract: An aversive electroshock device useful for the evaluation of effects on pain tolerance or pain sensation by pharmaceutical compounds or other substances or conditions, and methods for applying aversive stimuli to organisms and measuring pain perceived by organisms, are described. The aversive electroshock device can be used to measure the organism's ability to learn.
Abstract: Methods of analyzing cardiac and/or pulmonary activity of an animal involving the use of video under infrared illumination, and systems for monitoring cardiac and/or pulmonary activity of an animal, are described.