Abstract: With the present method, after calibrating the rotary position transducer employed for direct TDC determination, the pressure curve inside the cylinder and the directly measured TDC timing in various operating states and if necessary different engine-specific parameters are recorded simultaneously, correlated as discrete value pairs and stored as a data set. With one part of the data set a knowledge-based system is trained and varied till the TDC timing output for all operating states and engine types considered agrees with a TDC time previously measured directly, within the desired accuracy. To detect the TDC from the pressure curve inside the cylinder with unkown and possibly different engine types, measured pressure values are put into the knowledge-based system unaltered after training, at whose output the required TDC is given.

Abstract: Comparable values for the heights of the individual jumps in a series of multiple jumps can be achieved, if defined initial conditions for first and second successive integrations of measured vertical forces are given for each individual jump. The initial condition for the first integration is taken as a zero velocity in the middle of the flight time interval for each individual jump. For every second integration, as initial condition for the jump height, a constant initial height is taken. This is a characteristic value of the test person.

Abstract: For more accurate analysis of the motions of human beings and animals, two commercial measuring systems, namely a force measuring platform fitted with piezoelectric crystal sensors and a high-resolution surface pressure distribution measuring system equipped with a large number of vertical force sensors, are combined and preferentially joined by gluing to form a single measuring unit.

Abstract: A traffic management systems, combining different monitoring capabilities, beginning with standard WIM (Weigh in Motion) systems for axle weight measurements, combined with tire pressure monitoring in motion and suspension monitoring in motion, whereby for all three specialties, novel road embedded force measuring sensors are used, partly for force measurement and partly for switching operation upon touching the edge of the sensors by the onrolling tire, whereby all possible combinations of the three specialties are within the scope of the invention.

Abstract: Direct TDC determinations on internal combustion engines involve much effort and are relatively inaccurate, above all on multicylinder engines. Known TDC determinations from the pressure curve inside the cylinder, using the adiabatic equation of state, call for considerable calculation and yet do not take into account the actual operating conditions of the engine.

Abstract: A circuitry for measuring piezoelectric signals for a piezotransducer/charge amplifier combination with a range capacitor including a voltage divider with a switch element providing a feedback signal to the measuring input of a charge amplifier. The switching element is controlled by a pulse generator for zeroing. The range capacitors charge to a certain class and voltage at the commencement of the measuring. An adjustment of the range of the range capacitor is provided by a second voltage divider.

Abstract: A production mold with piezo-transducers and associated signal processing amplifiers located inside it are housed in a tightly sealed, electrically shielded unit. The piezo-transducers are linked by a stranded conductor only insulated, which is cut to length in situ and led inside the shielded unit to a high-insulating terminal of the amplifier. There is no longer any need to use shielded cables between the piezo-transducer and amplifier.

Abstract: The measuring platform according to the invention, for recessing into road surfaces, consists of a base plate and cover plate supported in cross section on two supporting points fitted with piezoelectric shear crystals, enabling the shear force of an overrunning wheel to be measured. If the supporting points are equipped with piezoelectric pressure crystals, it is possible to measure the axle load with the same platform arrangement. This offers new possibilities, especially on or after gradients, for verifying the functional efficiency of braking and ABS systems and taking out of service vehicles with defective braking equipment.

Abstract: The invention is an acceleration-compensated pressure transducer having only one signal crystal array joined by two masses and connecting elements to an inner part having a flange. The installation housing of the pressure transducer is joined to the flange and touches the inner part of the pressure transducer at no other point. Hence, the inner part constitutes a freely vibrating element, which with the masses and the stiffnesses optimized, measures only the pressure signal.

Abstract: A high-pressure sensor specially for monitoring pulsating hydraulic pressure impulses, as for example in injection systems of combustion engines is provided with a pressure space shaped balloon-like before the diaphragm part, enabling optimal measuring signals to be combined simultaneously with significantly reduced mechanical forces in the welded joint. In addition, welding techniques are proposed enabling a gapless internal welding zone to be achieved, so that notch effects and migratory cracks resulting from these and leading to fractures are obviated. As optimal connection between measuring head and threaded body a two-stage welding routine is proposed first an internal weld is performed by electrical upset welding and then external welding by electron beam, inert gas or laser welding.

Abstract: To obtain simultaneous filling of all cavities (K1-K4) in multicavity injection moulds, the mould cavity pressure (p) patterns in all cavities (K1-K4) are detected and the times (t1-t4) measured from the beginning of filling till a suitably chosen reference pressure (pR) is reached for each cavity (K1-K4). By interventions in the individual heating systems of the individual hot runners (5), the temperatures in these are altered to bring the measured times of the individual cavities more in line.

Abstract: For exactly determining the switchover point when producing plastic injection mouldings, two pressure sensors are arranged successively at intervals in the flow direction of the inflowing material, so that the material reaches them at different points in time, and pressure curves (p.sub.1, p.sub.2) are recorded inside the mould cavity. From the measured pressures, the differential pressure is derived. When passing from volumetric filing to compression, the pressures in the mould cavity (p.sub.1, p.sub.2) undergo an abrupt rise (U1, U2). This is reflected in a steep drop of the differential pressure formed, its gradient experiencing a change of sign (V). This indicates that the switchover point has been reached, at which the filling phase must give way to the holding pressure phase.

Abstract: An accelerometer element of the bender having geometrical outside dimensions and relations wherein the height and width are alike and half of the length. The accelerometer element is built from ceramic materials and consists of two half blocks with a piezoelectric bender element clamped in-between. The high part tolerances are overcome by two fastener gaps, being filled with a special material for microcomponents. This method allows tolerance differences to be compensated by the fastener gaps and its fastening layer. The half blocks consist of a ceramic material to be ground in strips and processed with electronic components in well known batch production methods. Both sides of the blocs are protected with cover plates. The connector recess is filled with a watertight sealing material. The accelerometer element, whether with or without integrated electronics, is fully hermetic and watertight, with only the signal wires protruding on the outside.

Abstract: The detector arrangement comprises a measuring rail with a number of individual elements each having a sensor mounted on a bottom rail and include rectangular elements as force introduction flanges, whose length in the direction of travel is a multiple of their width in the axial direction of the rail. The measuring rail is part of a measuring arrangement for detecting the tire pressures of vehicles in motion. The arrangement includes also at least one contact rail placed ahead of the measuring rail in the direction of travel, and a data acquisition facility. The vehicle speed is determined with the help of the contact rail. The measured values from the sensors yield a tire contact surface with an isobar pattern. From these two, the data acquisition can determine underinflation, normal pressure and overinflation of the individual wheels besides axle loads and vehicle weights, whereby underinflation and overinflation at least are displayed as faults.

Abstract: A measuring platform having three supporting units arranged in a triangle, fixed and fitted with force measuring sensors, and stabilized with each other via a baseplate so that it is also possible to measure simultaneous jump-off and/or landing forces for single and multiple jumps, regardless of the ground support.

Abstract: A force and moment measuring device has multicomponent force measuring cells arranged in opposite pairs at either side of a force introducing platform or mounting plate, viewed in the direction of their tension/pressure sensitivity. The opposed force measuring cells are preloaded by a common preloading screw extending in the direction of their tension/pressure sensitivity and passing through the force introduction platform without friction. The opposed force measuring cells have opposed tension/pressure sensitivity orientation. The tension/pressure measuring signals resulting from a temperature change occurring in the mounting plate and/or in the common preloading screw are cancelled out by opposed measuring cells, while the measured values generated by a force acting in one direction are added together.

Abstract: A pressure sensor having a disk-shaped sensor body which includes a pressure space for the medium to be measured. A bolt element in the pressure space forms a tubular pressure gap of small volume. The bolt element also forms a heat accumulator before the pressure transducer surface of the sensor body and acts on a temperature compensating element to narrow the temperature swings in the sensor due to temperature shocks. The new pressure sensor may be used for hot combustion gases and for fuels and other liquid or gaseous substances. In the application for monitoring internal combustion engines, the pressure sensor is fitted between the combustion chamber and the indicator valve instead of after the indicator valve, making possible periodic blowing-through and hence the removal of all combustion residues and calibration measurement any time.

Abstract: For a comparative material testing of similar formed parts based on their dynamic behaviour under acoustic excitation vibrations, in order to obtain clear-cut information about the material properties it is necessary to assure constant excitations of the vibration generator and a constant pressing force when coupling this to the object being tested. This is accomplished by using a piezoelectric actuator in an assembly unit with an electromechanical sensor and a coupling element, whereby the excitation voltages of the actuator are monitored and its vibrations passing into the formed part are registered by the sensor.

Abstract: When producing injection-moulded or die-cast articles the changeover point between a filling program and a subsequent hold pressure program is determined by measuring the pressure inside the mould cavity at regular intervals, and deriving two classification variables (k.sub.0.sup.+, k.sub.0.sup.-, k.sub.-1.sup.+, k.sub.-1.sup.-, k.sub.-2.sup.+, k.sub.-2.sup.-) from each of the last three measured values (p.sub.0, p.sub.-1, p.sub.-2) in classification stages (K.sub.0, K.sub.-1, K.sub.-2) and combining them into weighting variables (g.sup.-, g.sup.0, g.sup.+) in a logic stage (V) using the methods of fuzzy logic. In an evaluation stage (A), by means of evaluation functions a switching value (s) is derived from these and compared with a threshold value in a decision stage (E). If the switching value oversteps the threshold, it is deduced that the changeover point has been reached.

Abstract: The invention relates to a combined force, strain and sound emission transducer and a coupling method. The sound emission sensor (1) forms an assembly unit and is intended specially for measuring high-frequency sound emissions (up to around 2 MHz). It consists of a piezoelectric measuring element (9), an assembly base (8) with circumferential coupling diaphragm (7), and an encapsulant (10) partly surrounding the measuring element (9) and partially the assembly base. The assembly unit could contain also a resistor (11) paralleling the measuring element (9) and forming a high-pass filter with the capacitance of the sensor (1). The coupling diaphragm (7) lies in a recess (14) of the housing bottom (4), whose bottom surface (5) is at a distance from the measuring object (15) corresponding to the prestressing distance s when the diaphragm (7) is unloaded.