Abstract: Cleaning compositions containing selected hydrogen-containing fluorochlorohydrocarbons, selected surface-active agents, and optional amounts of water and/or ammonia.

Abstract: Novel, optimized highly alkaline proteases which are suitable for use in detergent formulations are prepared by employing microorganisms transformed by mutated DNA sequences. The mutated sequences are obtained starting from DNA sequences which code for highly alkaline protease usually produced by Bacillus species by altering these DNA sequences in defined positions by directed mutagenesis (point mutation) in such a way that the codon in which the point mutation is located now codes for an amino acid which is more strongly basic than the original amino acid. The result is highly alkaline proteases in which original amino acids have been replaced by more strongly basic amino acids, preferably by the amino acids lysine or arginine. Synthetic oligonucleotides, DNA sequences, vectors and transformed microorganisms which are used for generating and obtaining the optimized highly alkaline protease are also described.

Abstract: The deposition of a copper-containing layer on a substrate by decomposing, particularly by a CVD process, a compound corresponding to the formula (I)RO--Cu--L (I)in whichR represents a 1-aryl lower alkyl group, a branched, optionally substituted alkyl group with 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group, andL represents (C1 to C6-alkyl)isonitrile, aryl isonitrile, carbon monoxide, dialkylaminodifluorophosphane, organyl difluorophosphane, triaryl phosphane, trialkyl phosphane, trifluorophosphane, or trichlorophosphane,is described, together with previously unknown compounds of formula (I) which may be used in the process.

Abstract: A process for preparing ethane derivatives containing the trifluoromethyl group in good yield is described which is carried out in liquid phase and is particularly suitable for preparing CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2 (R123).

Abstract: A process for working-up waste materials from barium sulfide or strontium sulfide leaching in which the amount of waste material to be disposed of is substantially decreased.

Abstract: Compositions suitable for use in cleaning processes formed of hydrogen-containing fluorochlorohydrocarbons selected from the group of consisting of tetrachloromonofluoroethanes, trichlorodifluoroethanes, dichlorotrifluoroethanes, dichloromonofluoroethanes and dichloropentafluoropropanes or a mixture one or more of these hydrogen-containing fluorochlorohydrocarbons in admixture with partially fluorinated alkanols containing two to four carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for working up antimony halide catalysts containing inactivating organic impurities having high boiling points, in which anhydrous antimony trichloride can be isolated in a technically simple manner. The antimony trichloride can be chlorinated to obtain antimony pentachloride which can be re-used as a catalyst in a fluorination process.

Abstract: Fluorochlorohydrocarbon-free cleaning compositions composed of from 80 to 99.5 percent by weight of an alcohol or partially fluorinated alcohol having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and 0.5 to 10 percent by weight of at least one surface-active agent selected from ammonium salts of alkyl benzene sulfonates and mixtures of fatty acid alkanolamides and alkyl phenol polyglycol ethers, and 0 to 10 percent by weight of deionized water.

Abstract: A process for separation of mixtures of partially- or perfluorinated hydrocarbon compounds, which optionally contain additional chain members from the heteroatom group nitrogen, oxygen, boron, phosphorus and sulfur and/or can be substituted by further halogen atoms, characterized in that such partially- or perfluorinated compounds, which have an acyclic straight-chain structure and a critical molecule diameter in the range from 4 to 7 .ANG. or are substituted by residues with a straight-chain acyclic structure and with a critical molecule diameter in the range from 4 to 7 .ANG., of such partially- or perfluorinated compounds, which have no straight-chain acyclic residues, and whose critical molecule diameter amounts to at least 1.

Abstract: Improved cleaning compositions are disclosed based on fluorochlorohydrocarbons, alkanols and at least one ester selected from the group consisting of methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and ethyl acetate. The compositions may optionally contain additional additives and are highly suitable for industrial cleaning processes or for vapor degreasing, for example, particularly for removing resin soldering fluxes containing high amounts of activator.

Abstract: Halogenated polycarbosilanes with uniform or mixed halogenation prepared from aryl-substituted, particularly phenyl-substituted polycarbosilanes by reaction with halogenating reagents under polar or ionic reaction conditions, optionally in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. The halogen atom introduced can optionally subsequently be replaced by another halogen atom through a transhalogenation reaction.

Abstract: Enzymes are immboilized on an inorganic carrier which is a round, macropermeable agglomerate having a mulberry-type structure formed from spherical microporous .alpha.-aluminum oxide hydroxide particles. An organic polycondensate having free organic functional groups as enzyme binding sites penetrates the agglomerate. The .alpha.-aluminum oxide hydroxide particles of the agglomerate retain essentially their form prior to agglomeration. The polycondensate is prepared by reacting a polyimine with a dialdehyde or an epoxy compound. Preferably, the polyimine is polyethyleneimine, the dialdehyde is glutardialdehyde and the epoxy compound is an epoxy-functional silicon resin, an aliphatic diepoxide or an aliphatic triepoxide. The agglomerate is prepared by granulating the .alpha.-aluminum oxide hydroxide particles in the presence of the polyimine to form the agglomerate having the polyimine dispersed throughout and then reacting the polyimine with the dialdehyde or the epoxy compound.

Abstract: A method of preparing fluorine-containing ethane derivatives using a catalyst mixture which comprises a metal halide and a sulfonic acid derivative is described. The method is particularly well suited for preparing CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2 (R123) from perchloroethylene and for preparing CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F (R134a) from trifluoroethylene.

Abstract: The processing of leaching residues from barium sulfide leaching is described. Sodium sulfide as well as a solid which is useful as an additive for fired clay products, particularly bricks, are obtained as valuable reaction products.

Abstract: Polycarbosilanes having Si units which are linked by phenyl-substituted methylene bridges or by partially or completely fluorinated hydrocarbon bridges. These polycarbosilanes are obtained by a Grignard polycondensation reaction. If phenyl substituents are present on the silicon atoms of the polycarbosilanes, they may also optionally be exchanged for halogen atoms in additional halogenating reactions, so that polycarbosilanes can be prepared which are both fluorinated on the hydrocarbon bridges and halogenated (particularly fluorinated) on the silicon atoms.

Abstract: A method for preparing perfluorinated heterocyclic compounds corresponding to the formulas Ia and Ib ##STR1## wherein m represents 3 or 4, andX is a --CF.sub.2 --O--CF.sub.2 -- group, a --CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 -- group, or a --CF(CF.sub.3)--CF.sub.2 -- group,and their mixtures, and the perfluoro-N-cyclohexylmorpholine prepared by this method. The compounds are obtained by electrochemical perfluorination starting from corresponding cycloalkenyl derivatives, and they can be used for preparing medically usable aqueous emulsions, e.g. blood substitutes.

Abstract: A method of preparing fluorine-containing ethane derivatives using a catalyst mixture which comprises a metal halide and a sulfonic acid derivative is described. The method is particularly well suited for preparing CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2 (R123) from perchloroethylene and for preparing CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F (R134a) from trifluoroethylene.

Abstract: Compositions suitable for use in cleaning processes formed of hydrogen-containing fluorochlorohydrocarbons selected from the group of consisting of tetrachloromonofluoroethanes, trichlorodifluoroethanes, dichlorotrifluoroethanes, dichloromonofluoroethanes and dichloropentafluoropropanes or a mixture one or more of these hydrogen-containing fluorochlorohydrocarbons in admixture with partially fluorinated alkanols containing two to four carbon atoms.

Abstract: Halogenated polycarbosilanes with uniform or mixed halogenation prepared from aryl-substituted, particularly phenyl-substituted polycarbosilanes by reaction with halogenating reagents under polar or ionic reaction conditions, optionally in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. The halogen atom introduced can optionally subsequently be replaced by another halogen atom through a transhalogenation reaction.

Abstract: Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions composed of dichloropentafluoropropanes and acetone are described which are suitable for use in cleaning processes and in printing and copying processes for fixing toner based on polystyrene.