Abstract: Active particles which when incorporated into a photosensitive composition containing base resin and diazonium-series photosensitizer provide improvement in at least one or both of sensitivity and resolutionn. The active particles include a particulate carrier, such as silica sol, and an aromatic unit directly or indirectly bonded to the carrier. The aromatic unit has a phenolic hydroxyl group and no substituent in at least one of the o- and p-positions, in relation to the phenolic hydroxyl group. The active particles, when incorporated into the photosensitive composition can, after exposure, increase solubility difference between the exposed and non-exposed areas.

Abstract: photosensitive resin composition of the present invention is prepared by adding inorganic particles having a functional group and a mean particle size smaller than the wavelength of light for exposure (e.g., about 1 to 100 nm) to a photosensitive resin. The inorganic particles can be of colloidal silica having a functional group. The photosensitive resin composition may be of positive or negative type, and developable with water or an alkali. The amount of the inorganic particles to be used is, relative to 100 parts by weight of the photosensitive resin, about 10 to 500 parts by weight on a solid matter basis. The use of such photosensitive resin composition makes it possible to largely improve oxygen plasma resistance, heat resistance, dry etching resistance, sensitivity, and resolution utilizing a conventional resist or lithography technique.

Abstract: Fine colored particles include a dye adsorbed on metal oxide fine particles having a nanometer size, and stabilized with an organic compound having an ionic group. Thus, fine colored particle having a nanometer size having good color properties, transparency and storage stability can be produced with high reproducibility.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element capable of improving piezoelectric characteristics of a piezoelectric film is provided, and performance and durability of an ink-jet printer head are improved. A piezoelectric film 7 sandwiched between a lower electrode 6 and an upper electrode 8 is formed of PZT expressed by a chemical formula, Pb(Zr1—xTix)O3 (0.3≦x≦0.9) or formed of a material mainly composed of PZT, and concentration ratio of titanium to zirconium in the piezoelectric film is gradually increased or gradually decreased from upper electrode side to lower electrode side.

Abstract: The present invention provides a piezoelectric thin film element comprising a piezoelectric thin film having a uniform specific shape, a process for producing the same, and an ink jet recording head using the piezoelectric thin film element. A piezoelectric thin film element (1) comprises a substrate (5), a lower electrode (2), a piezoelectric thin film (3) and an upper electrode (4) in this order. A vertical cross-sectional shape and/or a vertical longitudinal sectional shape of the piezoelectric thin film (3) with respect to the substrate (5) is a quadrilateral having upper and lower sides mutually facing and substantially parallel to each other and both lateral sides. A length Lu of the upper side and a length Lb of the lower side preferably satisfy the relationship of Lu>Lb. Angles &thgr;l and &thgr;r defined between the lower side and the respective lateral sides are expressed as follows: 90°<&thgr;l<150° and 90°<&thgr;r<150°.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition comprises a base resin (e.g., novolak resins, polyvinylphenol-series polymers), a first photoactive ingredient (e.g., diazobenzoquinone derivatives, diazonaphthoquinone derivatives) and a second photoactive ingredient (e.g., mixtures with azide compounds) each having an absorption range at wavelength &lgr;1 or &lgr;2, the wavelengths thereof being different from each other. Between the first and second photoactive ingredients, at least one photoactive ingredient is substantially inert at the absorption wavelength of the other. After exposing the photosensitive resin composition to a light to form a pattern, the whole surface of the photosensitive layer is exposed to a light of the other wavelength to make the surface hardly soluble (in the case a positive pattern is formed) or readily soluble (in the case a negative pattern is formed) in a developer, and developed, thereby forming a pattern of high resolution.

Abstract: Provided are a piezoelectric element by which a pressure of a better displacement is obtained, a process for producing the same and an ink jet recording head having the piezoelectric element.

Abstract: Provided are a piezoelectric element by which a pressure of a better displacement is obtained, a process for producing the same and an ink jet recording head having the piezoelectric element. A piezoelectric element comprising a substrate (2), a lower electrode (3) formed on the substrate (2), piezoelectric film (7)[(4)(5)(6)] each containing Pb (Zr1-x Tix)O3 (0<x<1) and a valence compensation-type perovskite represented by formula Pb(A1/3 B2/3)O3 (wherein A and B each represent a valence compensation-type perovskite) as basic components formed on the lower electrode (3), and an upper electrode (8) formed on the piezoelectric film (7). In the piezoelectric film, the concentration of A and/or B is changed in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric film, and the maximum value of the concentration of A and/or B is shown in a region within 60% from the upper electrode side in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric film. It is suited for an ink jet recording head.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly oriented aramid fiber with high tensile strength, high tensile modulus and low breakage elongation by spinning liquid crystal polymers such as aramids and drafting the polymer in or adjacent to a first coagulating bath. A polymer solution with concentration of 4-24 weight % is extruded as a stream into a non-coagulating fluid, and the stream is stretched in the non-coagulating fluid and passed through a first coagulating bath where it is drafted by using a drafting roller, so that the polymer concentration of the flue is increased sufficient to form fibers. As a result, a highly oriented aramid fiber with tensile strength of 1500-5000 MPa, tensile modulus of 200-500 GPa, and the % elongation of 0.8-1.4 is provided.

Abstract: An electric power generating system includes a cell such as a fuel cell for outputting direct-current power and a conversion device having at least either one of an inverter for converting the direct current power into alternating-current power and a converter for changing a voltage level of the direct-current power. The cell generates high-temperature thermal energy of 60° C. or higher in association with the generation of direct-current power. The conversion device employs a semiconductor element capable of operating at an ambient temperature of 55° C. or higher. The semiconductor element may be an element having a wider band gap than Si. Further, the conversion device may employ a GaAs semiconductor element, an InP semiconductor element, an SiC semiconductor element, a GaN semiconductor element or combinations thereof.

Abstract: An inorganic pattern is formed by coating an inorganic substance-containing photosensitive composition comprising a photosensitive polymer (A), a condensable organic metal compound or a condensate thereof (B) and an inorganic filler having a functional group (C) on a base, exposing the coated layer, and developing the exposed layer to form a pattern, baking the pattern give an inorganic pattern. The photosensitive polymer (A) may be constituted of an oligomer or polymer, and a photosensitizer, and the condensable organic metal compound (B) may have a photosensitive group. The inorganic filler may be a monodispersed colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 2 to 100 nm. The proportions of the components (B) and (C) relative to 1 part by weight of the component (A) on a solid basis are about 1 to 25 parts by weight and about 1 to 20 parts by weight, respectively.

Abstract: A process of making a fiber includes the sequential steps of extruding as a stream solution of a polymer having a polymer concentration of 4-24 weight % into a non-coagulating fluid, stretching the stream while in the non-coagulating fluid, passing the stream through a first coagulating bath, stretching the stream in a non-coagulating fluid, and passing the stream through a coagulating bath to sufficiently increase the polymer concentration in the stream to form the fiber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly oriented aramid fiber with high tensile strength, high tensile modulus and low breakage elongation by spinning liquid crystal polymers such as aramids and drafting the polymer in or adjacent to a first coagulating bath. A polymer solution with concentration of 4-24 weight % is extruded as a stream into a non-coagulating fluid, and the stream is stretched in the non-coagulating fluid and passed through a first coagulating bath where it is drafted by using a drafting roller, so that the polymer concentration of the flue is increased sufficient to form fibers. As a result, a highly oriented aramid fiber with tensile strength of 1500-5000 MPa, tensile modulus of 200-500 GPa, and the % elongation of 0.8-1.4 is provided.