Abstract: A blood gas concentration sensor includes a first housing at least partially defining a first chamber containing a first electrolyte, a first electrode in the first chamber, and a second electrode in the first chamber and substantially parallel to the first electrode. The first housing includes a gas permeable material. The first electrode includes sides and an end. The sides of the first electrode are surrounded by a first insulating layer. The end of the first electrode is in contact with the first electrolyte. The end of the first electrode is not in contact with the first housing. The first electrode includes a first metal. The second electrode includes a second metal. A potential difference between the first metal and the second metal is at least about 0.5 volts.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a substantially uniform substrate including a first material and including a first surface, a first contact over the first surface and proximate to a first side of the substrate, and a second contact over the first surface and proximate to a second side of the substrate. The second side is opposite the first side. The second contact is spaced from the first contact by a first distance. The first contact includes a second material different from the first material. The second contact includes the second material. Upon application of a voltage between the first contact and the second contact, a measurable current propagates through a substantial portion of the substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for use with a patient having a vessel carrying blood to ascertain characteristics of the blood. The apparatus includes a display module and a probe having a distal extremity adapted to be inserted into the vessel of the patient and having a proximal extremity coupled to the display module. The probe includes a sensor in the distal extremity for providing an electrical signal to the display module when the probe is disposed in the blood. The probe can have an antithrombogenic surface treatment for inhibiting the adhesion of blood components to the probe when disposed in the blood.