Abstract: An apparatus for the provision of a block flange of a manhole aperture or the like, in particular for fluidized bed reactors for the oxychlorination of ethylene, oxygen and HCl, having a wall flange fixed in the reactor wall, is intended to provide a solution whereby all other auxiliary measures can be dispensed with and the expense associated therewith can be eliminated without the functionality of the system suffering as a result and without undesirable deposits being formed in these areas. This is achieved in that the flange surface (5) pointing inward and downward in the direction of gravity is of beveled design, at least in some areas.

Abstract: Process and plant for the production of synthesis gas, hydrogen and/or reducing gas by means of a primary reformer heated on the shell side, used in conjunction with a pressure swing adsorption unit for purifying the product gas, the purpose of which is to find a solution to the problem of utilising the work potential of the fuel gas from the pressure swing adsorption unit, which is used to fire the primary gas reformer. This is achieved by supplying the waste desorption gas from the pressure swing adsorption unit to the inlet side of an ejector, which is driven by a part stream of the fuel gas for the primary reformer, the waste desorption gas being admixed to a main fuel gas stream and/or a regulating gas stream, depending on the particular mode of operation.

Abstract: A process and a device are for the methanol synthesis from hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide under pressure, in particular for increasing the yield of processes already in use. Desulphurized natural gas is charged in a reformer and the synthesis gas is subsequently admitted to a methanol synthesis. There are the advantages that a favorable possibility for refitting existing plants is provided, and synthesis gas from external sources can be used. This is accomplished in the process in that after passing through the reformer, a side stream from the synthesis gas stream is supplied to a methanol pre-reactor. The methanol produced in the pre-reactor is supplied to the methanol stream exiting from the methanol synthesis of the main stream. A stream of synthesis gas non-reacted in the methanol pre-reactor is recycled into the main stream upstream of the methanol synthesis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rectifying column for extractive distillation, comprising a column main section (204) and a raffinate section (205) above said main section, an evaporator (208) situated on the lower end of the column, an inlet (214) disposed between the main section of the column and the raffinate section and a solvent inlet (215) arranged on the top side of the raffinate section (205) for feeding an extracting agent. According to the invention, the main section (204) has two chambers (216, 217) connected in parallel. A stripping section (222) is disposed between the bottom of the column (221) and the main section (204), in which concentration of the extracting agent occurs from the top down. The bottom (221) is connected to the solvent inflow (215) by a device (223) for recycling the extracting agent.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus for producing halogen gases from aqueous alkali halide solution, having a number of plate-like electrolysis cells which are arranged beside one another in a stack and are in electrical contact and which each have a housing comprising two half-shells of electrically conductive material with external contact strips on at least one housing rear wall, and in each case having two essentially flat electrodes (anode and cathode) and the anode and cathode being provided with apertures like venetian blinds for the electrolysis starting materials and the electrolysis products to flow through, being separated from one another by a dividing wall and arranged parallel to one another and being electrically conductively connected to the respective associated rear wall of the housing by means of metal reinforcements, is intended to provide a solution with which, even at current densities above 4 kA/m2 and correspondingly increased production of gas in the boundary layer, it is possible to operate wh

Abstract: In a process for the treatment of a cracking gas formed by pyrolysis of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC), in which the cracking gas is split into its principal components hydrogen chloride (HCl), vinyl chloride (VCM) and unreacted 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC), and these are formed in substantially pure form, where, in the first step of the treatment of the cracking gas, the solids are separated therefrom in a quench zone, the disadvantages of the prior art are intended to be reduced at least partly and in particular the energy losses which usually arise due to the substantial condensation of the quench gas and its re-heating for the purposes of distillative separation are avoided and, due to the circulation of the unreacted EDC at a higher temperature level, the original conversion in the pyrolytic cracking of EDC is intended to be subsequently increased.

Abstract: In a process for the production of VCM, the gaseous reactants and an inert carrier gas are fed into an adiabatic reaction zone in the oxychlorination section, both reaction zones being associated with an integral fluidised bed, the cooled reaction zone containing a vertically coaxial hollow cooling rod bundle forming a passage. A balanced production of VCM is to be achieved, this being done by selecting a ratio of 1 to 6 inclusive between the equivalent diameter of the passage cross-sectional area and the mean gas bubble pocket diameter of the fluidised bed.

Abstract: A process for the removal of carbon dioxide, sulphur compounds, water and aromatic and higher aliphatic hydrocarbons from industrial gases. The sour gas components, water and hydrocarbons are removed from the gas to be treated by absorption at elevated operating pressure. At least one morpholine derivative is used as the absorbent. The absorbent laden with absorbed components is regenerated with the aid of a stripping gas. The stripping gas is generated by partial evaporation of the laden absorbent.

Abstract: When applied to an electrolyser for producing halogen gases from aqueous alkali halogenide solution using several plate-like electrolysis cells arranged side by side in a stack whilst electrically connected, each cell being encased in two semi-shells made from electroconductive material with contact strips on the outer side of at least one of the casing's rear walls, the anode and the cathode being separated from one another by a partition, arranged parallel to one another and electrically connected to the rear wall of the respective casing via metal reinforcements, the current-carrying surface should be as large as possible to avoid uneven current distribution. This is achieved by the fact that the metal reinforcements are in the form of solid plates (10) which are flush with the contact strips (7) and whose side edges run up the entire height of the rear wall (3A, 4A) and the anode (8) or cathode (9).

Abstract: A process for the production of nitric acid using the dual-pressure process in which the ammonia is burnt at an initial low pressure with the aid of compressed process air and the nitrous gases formed during combustion are at least partly absorbed by water at a second pressure which is higher than the first. This causes nitric acid to be produced and the pressure of the residual gas, which is not absorbed, is reduced to atmospheric pressure in a residual gas expander for the purpose of winning compression potential. Said process provides a solution aimed at optimising the production of nitric acid whilst improving the production parameters and the materials and energy balances. This is achieved by supplying a multishaft geared centrifugal compressor separately with process air and nitrous gas, the process air being compressed to the initial pressure and the nitrous gas being compressed to a second pressure.

Abstract: By a process for the production of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) by reaction of ethylene with chlorine in the liquid phase (direct chlorination), the heavy ends being separated from the obtained 1,2-dichloroethane in a heavy-ends column and in a downstream vacuum column and, for the purpose of heat recovery and heating of the column bottoms, a 1,2-dichloroethane part-stream from the direct chlorination passing through a heat exchanger (one attributed to each column) for indirect heat exchange with the bottom product of each column, the aim of the invention is to provide a solution in which the reaction enthalpy of the direct chlorination can be used in a variable manner, thus precluding the above-described disadvantages. This is achieved by using at least one falling-film evaporator for heating the column bottoms, the bottom product of the respective column being routed to the distributor at the head of the column.

Abstract: Using a process for the production of 1,2-dichloroethane by reacting ethylene and chlorine in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst, the 1,2-dichloroethane produced being drawn off in the gaseous phase, the high-boilers being separated from the 1,2-dichloroethane in a heavy-ends column and in a downstream vacuum column and the light-boilers and gases, such as ethylene and hydrogen, being separated in an EDC stripping column or in a light-ends column, a commercial-scale solution should be created to effectively remove the hydrogen chloride at the head of the stripping column or light-boiling column to avoid corrosion occurring there. This is achieved in that the cleaned 1,2-dichloroethane leaving the heavy-ends column is cleaned in the EDC stripping column or in the light-ends column by separating the light-boilers and the gases.

Abstract: Besides a synthesis gas, a metallurgical raw material is to be produced from an oil containing heavy metals. To do this, the oil is partially oxidized and the heavy metal-containing soot is separated and burnt and the heavy metals thus occurring as ash can be taken to further processing, e.g. washing from the synthesis gas produced, using an aqueous washing solution.

Abstract: A process for specific energy saving, especially in processes involving the oxychlorination of ethylene, facilitates recovery of as much sensible heat to be used for other purposes. In the process the gas mixture leaving the oxychlorination reactor is cooled before it enters the quenching column and the heat recovered is then used to preheat the ethylene recycle gas feed stream.

Abstract: A process for evaporating 1, 2-dichloroethane (EDC) prior to its thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) is provided so that it facilitates the heating of the liquid-phase EDC at temperatures below 100.degree. C. to meet the inlet conditions for the pyrolysis zone, while dispensing with the need for an evaporation zone and exploiting sensible heat recovery at the same time. This is achieved in that the liquid-phase EDC is first pressurized to attain a value above its critical pressure (5.36 MPa) and then heated to attain at least its critical temperature (approx. 288.degree. C.).

Abstract: Polyester yarn is made by melt spinning the polyester filaments which are then cooled at least to solidification and heated by counterflow with prestretching to a crystallinity in excess of 24%. The prestretched filaments are gathered and stretched to after-stretching at a temperature of 80.degree. C. to 250.degree. C. to a final titer of 1.0 dtex to 7.5 dtex with a stretching ratio of 1:1.5 to 1:1.15. The yarn is then wound up at a rate of 5000 to 8000 m/min.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for generating pure aromatic compounds from a reformed gasoline which contains aromatic compounds, olefins, diolefin, and triolefins, which comprises the steps of:(a) selectively hydrogenating the olefins, diolefins and triolefins in the reformed gasoline to obtain a mixture of hydrogenated, non-aromatic compounds and aromatic compounds; and(b) separating the aromatic compounds from the hydrogenated, non-aromatic compounds in the mixture formed during step (a) by either extractive distillation, liquid--liquid extraction or both to obtain the pure aromatic compounds.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided in which a vaporizer vaporizes a liquid feed for introduction to a feed conversion unit such as a steam active reformer. A condenser condenses vaporized feed from the vaporizer when introduction of feed to the feed conversion unit is stopped. Condensed, liquid feed is passed back into the vaporizer and is conserved rather than going to flare.

Abstract: A process for the removal of CO.sub.2 and sulfur compounds from natural gas and raw synthesis gas wherein N-formylmorpholine and N-acetylmorpholine mixtures are used as the desorbent at temperatures between -20.degree. C. and +40.degree. C. at pressures of 10 to 150 bar in a scrubbing operation. The acid gases are removed from the absorbent by flashing and the regenerated absorbent is recycled to the absorbent.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of pure hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon mixture, more particularly, a high aromatics content hydrocarbon mixture, by extractive distillation in an extractive distillation column. A first solvent feed for a first sub-flow of a selective solvent is provided between the top part of the column and the bottom part thereof. The selective solvent used is an N-substituted morpholine. Substantially non-aromatics are withdrawn as the raffinate from the head of the extractive distillation column and substantially aromatics and selective solvent are withdrawn as the extract from the sump of the extractive distillation column. A second sub-flow of the selective solvent is introduced via a second solvent feed in the top part of the column above the first solvent feed. The quantity of solvent supplied with the second sub-flow constitutes less than 50% of the total quantity of solvent.