Abstract: A device for determining the material parameters, in particular the water content, of a substance in a dielectric medium conducted through a pipeline, the device including a waveguide of a microwave system at least partially enclosing the pipeline. Transmission or reflection of microwave radiation in the waveguide is evaluated continuously or in cycles. Continuous measurement of such media, in particular liquid media, can be effected and in particular can be made automatically without requiring steps for sample taking and performance of the measuring process per se.

Abstract: A method and device for effecting a location-sensitive measurement of a flat sample of radiation emitting material having a plurality of partial areas, in which a screen plate having radiation passage openings is disposed between a detector and the sample; radiation emanating from a group of the partial areas is detected in accordance with the shape of the screen plate openings; information based on the detected radiation is stored; and then a relative displacement is effected between the sample and the detector and detecting and storing are repeated for another group of partial areas, so that the total measurement is composed of a plurality of such successively performed partial measurements which provide a measurement of the total distribution of radiation emitted by the sample.

Abstract: A counting tube for detecting radioactive radiation exclusively uses cathode pads for signal detection, which are disposed electrically insulated on the interior of an inner wall of the counting tube housing opposite the sample. A discrete electronic evaluation element is preferably allocated to each cathode element, which makes possible parallel evaluation of the counting tube signal. The cathode pads are in particular laminated in the form of a metal-coated conductive surface on a support plate made of an insulating material. The field of application of such counting tubes with the exclusive use of cathode pads is in particular in connection with multiple counting tubes where the partial areas of a total area to be measured are intended to be individually detected and evaluated.

Abstract: A radiation measuring apparatus for performing measurements on samples contained in a plurality of sample containers disposed in the form of a matrix on a holder plate, the apparatus including a radiation detector having an entrance window, displacement devices for aligning successive sample containers with the entrance window of the radiation detector for automatic measurement of samples in the sample containers, the radiation detector and the sample containers being movable relative to one another in such a way that the sample container being measured and the entrance window of the detector are disposed coaxially with each other.

Abstract: A method for automatic drift stabilization in radiation measurement with a detector, a pulse amplitude integral of measured radiation being produced as a standard for the radiation energy absorbed by the detector, using control devices connected to the output side of the detector to adjust the amplification of the detector output on the basis of a defined threshold in the detector output pulse energy spectrum in such a manner that the rate of all detector output pulses having a pulse height greater than the threshold is kept constant, and the measurement result is correspondingly corrected thereby, wherein the threshold is located in the vicinity of a peak in the pulse amplitude spectrum that is caused by the energy loss of naturally occurring cosmic radiation or a component thereof in the detector.

Abstract: A multistage single-sideband shifter composed of N switchable phase shifters connected in cascade, where N is a positive integer greater than 1, each phase shifter being constructed to produce a switchable phase shift and a control unit connected to the phase shifters for switching the phase shifters chronologically successively in a selected sequence into all possible 2.sup.N combinations, for periodically repeating the selected sequence, and for chronologically reversing the selected sequence.

Abstract: Absorber elements for reducing electromagnetic leakage radiation, in particular in the vicinity of horn antennas, are in the form of ribs with a roof- or wedge-shaped cross section arranged such that the angle enclosed by lateral surfaces of the absorber elements is less than 90.degree., so that at least the leakage radiation impinging in general parallel to the center plane of the absorber elements arrives at a large angle of incidence, i.e. glancingly. In particular, if the angle of incidence approximately corresponds to the Brewster angle, the result is an almost complete absorption of the corresponding polarization components of the leakage radiation. The absorption effect can be further optimized by proper selection of the configuration of the roof- or wedge-shaped absorber elements.

Abstract: Methods for establishing the complex measuring capability of homodyne operating network analyzers. Single port as well as two-port measuring devices are treated in which the signal detection takes place by means of a linear mixing process. It is possible to overcome the disadvantage of the homodyne detection process, which does not directly supply information relating to the amplitude and phase of the measurement signal, by measuring arbitrary unknown standards. The required number of different unknown standards depends, among other things, on the complexity of the measuring device used. One of the proposed methods operates without any standards at all. After weighting factors have been determined, complex measuring values can be ascertained and one can then proceed as in the case of a heterodyne network analyzer, i.e. with system error calibration measurements and finally with DUT (device under test) measurements.

Abstract: For the reduction of noise signals, and particularly crosstalk signals, in measurement systems for analyzing emission or transmission processes and composed of a serial arrangement of a signal source (1), a measurement path (2) with or without a transmission test object (8), a detector (3), and a measurement and display circuit (5), an identification modulation is imparted to the signal component carried in the measurement path by means of repeated modulation (6, 9). The evaluation of the detector output signal may be performed with respect to a frequency which is free of the effects of the single modulation signals occurring in the detector output signal because of noise pick-up. Use of this method in homodyne systems for quadrupole parameter measurements further eliminates the effects of crosstalk reflections which typically occur in these systems.

Abstract: A measuring instrument for bioluminescence and chemiluminescence has coupled holders that can slide on a horizontal locating surface with specimen pans, which are fed successively to a light entry port (point of measurement) which is shielded outwardly in light-tight fashion. The holders are fitted with a side window and the point of measurement is placed at the level of these windows opposite thereto.Among other advantages, the specimen pans need no longer be removed from their holders in order to carry out the measurement at the point of measurement, but can remain therein. The mechanical driving and sliding mechanisms for this vertical lift needed heretofore can thus be dispensed with.

Abstract: In a method for regulating the foam density in products foamed from liquid and a gas additive the density of the foam and the excess pressure are simultaneously measured in the conveyor line of the foam, correlated in an evaluation circuit and the free foam density, that is, the density of the released foam under atmospheric pressure, is calculated therefrom. This calculated value is compared with a set value of the free foam density and in the case of deviations the ratio of the amounts of liquid and gas conveyed is varied.This method makes it possible for the relative fluctuation in density of the released foam to be reduced to values on the order of 1%.

Abstract: A measuring station for a photometer has an aperture which connects a measuring chamber and the environment and through which a sample vessel can be introduced into the measuring chamber and/or removed from the measuring chamber. The sample vessel is raised and lowered by a plunger which is adapted to seal against the aperture by means of a sealing element. The sealing element has a first position in which its periphery circumscribes a smaller area than the internal clear cross-section of the aperture, to permit the sample vessel to be lifted into the chamber. The sealing element can then be expanded radially into sealing engagement with the aperture to seal the plunger to the walls of the aperture to prevent ingress of light.

Abstract: Process for carrying out an analytical determination of the presence of a substance by means of chemiluminescence, comprising employing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a labelling agent, triggering a chemiluminescence reaction by adding an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, and measuring the emission of light.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically stabilizing drift in radiation measurements which employ a detector whose pulse amplitude corresponds to the energy absorbed by the detector, involves the use of a peak produced in the pulse amplitude spectrum by individual electrons. The peak is at the low energy end of the spectrum and is drift stable. It can be produced by for example a direct or indirect light source such as a light emitting diode, by the phosphorescence of e.g. a sodium iodide crystal used as a scintillation crystal in nuclear radiation measurement, or by spontaneous surface emission within the detector, which is suitably a photomultiplier. The apparatus includes a determination device to determine the position of the drift stable peak and a control device to control the detector in response to the output of the determination device.