Abstract: A device for determining the material parameters, in particular the water content, of a substance in a dielectric medium conducted through a pipeline, the device including a waveguide of a microwave system at least partially enclosing the pipeline. Transmission or reflection of microwave radiation in the waveguide is evaluated continuously or in cycles. Continuous measurement of such media, in particular liquid media, can be effected and in particular can be made automatically without requiring steps for sample taking and performance of the measuring process per se.

Abstract: A method and device for effecting a location-sensitive measurement of a flat sample of radiation emitting material having a plurality of partial areas, in which a screen plate having radiation passage openings is disposed between a detector and the sample; radiation emanating from a group of the partial areas is detected in accordance with the shape of the screen plate openings; information based on the detected radiation is stored; and then a relative displacement is effected between the sample and the detector and detecting and storing are repeated for another group of partial areas, so that the total measurement is composed of a plurality of such successively performed partial measurements which provide a measurement of the total distribution of radiation emitted by the sample.

Abstract: A counting tube for detecting radioactive radiation exclusively uses cathode pads for signal detection, which are disposed electrically insulated on the interior of an inner wall of the counting tube housing opposite the sample. A discrete electronic evaluation element is preferably allocated to each cathode element, which makes possible parallel evaluation of the counting tube signal. The cathode pads are in particular laminated in the form of a metal-coated conductive surface on a support plate made of an insulating material. The field of application of such counting tubes with the exclusive use of cathode pads is in particular in connection with multiple counting tubes where the partial areas of a total area to be measured are intended to be individually detected and evaluated.

Abstract: A radiation measuring apparatus for performing measurements on samples contained in a plurality of sample containers disposed in the form of a matrix on a holder plate, the apparatus including a radiation detector having an entrance window, displacement devices for aligning successive sample containers with the entrance window of the radiation detector for automatic measurement of samples in the sample containers, the radiation detector and the sample containers being movable relative to one another in such a way that the sample container being measured and the entrance window of the detector are disposed coaxially with each other.

Abstract: A method for automatic drift stabilization in radiation measurement with a detector, a pulse amplitude integral of measured radiation being produced as a standard for the radiation energy absorbed by the detector, using control devices connected to the output side of the detector to adjust the amplification of the detector output on the basis of a defined threshold in the detector output pulse energy spectrum in such a manner that the rate of all detector output pulses having a pulse height greater than the threshold is kept constant, and the measurement result is correspondingly corrected thereby, wherein the threshold is located in the vicinity of a peak in the pulse amplitude spectrum that is caused by the energy loss of naturally occurring cosmic radiation or a component thereof in the detector.

Abstract: Absorber elements for reducing electromagnetic leakage radiation, in particular in the vicinity of horn antennas, are in the form of ribs with a roof- or wedge-shaped cross section arranged such that the angle enclosed by lateral surfaces of the absorber elements is less than 90.degree., so that at least the leakage radiation impinging in general parallel to the center plane of the absorber elements arrives at a large angle of incidence, i.e. glancingly. In particular, if the angle of incidence approximately corresponds to the Brewster angle, the result is an almost complete absorption of the corresponding polarization components of the leakage radiation. The absorption effect can be further optimized by proper selection of the configuration of the roof- or wedge-shaped absorber elements.

Abstract: Methods for establishing the complex measuring capability of homodyne operating network analyzers. Single port as well as two-port measuring devices are treated in which the signal detection takes place by means of a linear mixing process. It is possible to overcome the disadvantage of the homodyne detection process, which does not directly supply information relating to the amplitude and phase of the measurement signal, by measuring arbitrary unknown standards. The required number of different unknown standards depends, among other things, on the complexity of the measuring device used. One of the proposed methods operates without any standards at all. After weighting factors have been determined, complex measuring values can be ascertained and one can then proceed as in the case of a heterodyne network analyzer, i.e. with system error calibration measurements and finally with DUT (device under test) measurements.