Abstract: A DC-DC converter assembly includes a DC-DC power converter. A converter load is electrically connected between a positive input and a positive output (or negative input and negative output) of the DC-DC converter such that a DC input voltage source of the assembly supplies load power directly to the converter load without passing through the DC-DC power converter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for electrical energy storage. More specifically, the system comprises an energy storage retrofitted to an existing photovoltaic system. The present invention further relates to a method for control such a system for electrical energy storage.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for a Battery Management System (BMS) for the controlling of the charging and discharging of a plurality of battery cells (12). Each battery cell has an associated plurality of control circuits (32, 36) which monitor and control the charging of individual battery cells. These units are controlled by a central microcontroller (14) which shunts current around the battery cell if fully charged and stops discharge if a battery cell is fully discharged in order to prevent damage to the other cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for battery cell balancing comprising a cell monitoring block (16) configured to monitor the voltage or a related quantity across individual cells (C.sub.1, C.sub.2, . . . C.sub.N) in a battery cell module; a microcontroller (18) configured for monitoring the positive terminal voltage (12) and the negative terminal voltage (13) of said battery cell module, and for monitoring (11) the output current I.sub.mod of said module, and monitored cell voltage of said individual cells (C.sub.1, C.sub.2, . . . C.sub.N), where the microcontroller (18) is configured to provide a control signal (20) based at least said positive terminal voltage (12), said negative terminal voltage (13), said output current I.sub.mod of said module, and said monitored cell voltage of said individual cells; and a hybrid module balancing block configured to provide either an active or a passive cell balancing or a combination of active and passive cell balancing of the cells (C.sub.1, C.sub.2, . . . C.sub.

Abstract: A vehicle system provides an excitation signal to an electrochemical system for use in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy diagnostics. The electrochemical system is connectable to the vehicle system and the vehicle system includes a power stage, such as a charger, connectable to the electrochemical system for supplying electrical energy to the electrochemical system, and/or connectable to the electro-chemical system for withdrawing electrical energy from the electrochemical system, and an Excitation Generation Unit comprised by the power stage or operatively connected to the power stage. The Excitation Generation Unit is adapted for instructing the power stage to generate an excitation signal for use in the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy diagnostics, and the power stage is adapted for generating the excitation signal and supplying the excitation signal to the electrochemical system when so instructed by the Excitation Generation Unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for a Battery Management System (BMS) for the controlling of the charging and discharging of a plurality of battery cell (12). Each battery cell has an associated plurality of control circuits (32, 36) which monitor and control the charging of individual battery cells. These units are controlled by a central microcontroller (14) which shunts current around the battery cell if fully charged and stops discharge if a battery cell is fully discharged in order to prevent damage to the other cells.