Abstract: Organic solvent-free processes for obtaining krill oil compositions are disclosed. The processes include a) cooking krill in a cooker vessel for a time and at a temperature sufficient to denature the protein content of the krill and cause a first solid krill fraction and a first liquid krill fraction to be formed while substantially avoiding emulsification of the first solid and first liquid krill fractions; b) removing the first solid and first liquid krill fractions from the cooker vessel at a temperature of at least about 90° C.; c) separating the first solid fraction and the first liquid fraction; and d) obtaining krill oil with neutral enriched from the first liquid fraction, and e) by pressing of first solid fraction to obtain press liquid or a second liquid krill fraction for obtaining krill oil with phospholipids enriched krill oil, the separating and the obtaining steps being carried out without the use of organic solvents. Krill oil compositions made by the process are also disclosed.

Abstract: Novel acetoacetarylamides in the form of a solidified melt which are in a form which can be used in industry and is easy to handle and which has a water content of from 3 to 15 percent by weight. These novel acetoacetarylamides have been used for the preparation of colored pigments or agrochemical active ingredients.

Abstract: A process for preparing pyridinecarboxylic esters of the general formula: wherein R1 is hydrogen, a C1-6-alkyl group, a C1-4-alkoxycarbonyl group, a C1-4-alkoxymethyl group or a fluorinated C1-6-alkyl group, R2 is a C1-4-alkyl group and X is chlorine or bromine. The pyridinecarboxylic esters are obtained by reacing the corresponding 2,3-dihalopyridines with carbon monoxide and a C1-4-alkanol in the presence of a weak base and a complex of palladium with a bis(diphenylphosphine). Pyridinecarboxylic esters are intermediates for preparing herbicides and drugs against fibrotic diseases.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid esters of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl group, a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or an arylalkyl group, and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently of one another are hydrogen or chlorine and R.sup.4 is hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy group or fluorine. The 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid esters are obtained by reaction of the corresponding halopyridines with carbon monoxide and an alcohol of the general formula:R.sup.1 --OH IIIwherein R.sup.1 has the abovementioned meaning, in the presence of a base and of a complex of palladium with a bis-diphenylphosphine. 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid esters are intermediates for the preparation of compounds having anti-inflammatory action.

Abstract: Cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic esters of the formula: ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-8 -alkyl group, an optionally substituted mono- or bicyclic cycloaliphatic group having 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl group or an optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic group and R.sup.2 is either C.sub.1-4 -alkyl or both radicals R.sup.2 together form a group of the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --(n is 2 to 4), are prepared from the corresponding maleic or fumaric esters and ketene acetals in the presence of a Lewis acid and a sterically hindered base. The reaction is stereoselective when optically active maleic or fumaric esters are employed. The cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic esters (I), in particular those having trans configuration, are intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of malononitrile which involves subjecting a (2-cyano-N-alkoxy)acetimidoyl halide to a high-temperature treatment.

Abstract: 2-Amino-4,5,3',4'-tetramethoxybenzophenone of the formula: ##STR1## is prepared by mononitration of 3,3',4,4'-tetramethyoxybenzophenone using nitric acid in the presence of acetic acid, and subsequent reduction of the nitro group. The compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of active ingredients against rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract: Substituted pyridines of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydroxyl or chlorine, and a) X is hydrogen or chlorine, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together are .dbd.O, R.sup.4 is a group of the formula --OR.sup.5 and R.sup.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or benzyl orb) X is hydrogen and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together are .dbd.N--NH--, orc) X and R.sup.2 each is hydrogen and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together are --O--, ord) X and R.sup.2 each is hydrogen, R.sup.3 is hydroxyl and R.sup.4 is amino or hydroxy.The compounds are obtained by subjecting nicotine to microbiological oxidation to give 5-succinoyl-2-pyridone, followed by chemical reactions. The compounds are suitable as intermediates for the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of malononitrile, which involves subjecting an isonitrile, optionally in the presence of a nitrile, to a high-temperature treatment.

Abstract: A process for the production of aryl cyanates of the general formula I: ##STR1## A phenol of the general formula II: ##STR2## a tertiary amine and cyanogen chloride, of which at least one of the three components is present as a solution in an organic solvent, are fed essentially simultaneously and continuously at a temperature of -20.degree. C. to 0.degree. C. and in a molar ratio of cyanogen chloride to the reactive hydroxy groups of the phenol of 1.0:1.0 to 1.2:1.0 in a cooled loop reactor, so that the reaction components, before they come in contact with one another, are prediluted by the reaction mixture circulating in the loop reactor. Simultaneously, a stream of the reaction mixture corresponding to the fed volume of the reaction components is drawn off from the circulation.

Abstract: Optically active piperazine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are inter alia hydrogen, alkyl or acyl and X is alkoxy or a (substituted) amino group, are prepared by asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazines, catalyzed by optically active rhodium, ruthenium or iridium complexes. The compounds of the Formula 1 are intermediates for the preparation of pharmaceutical active ingredients, for example, HIV protease inhibitors.

Abstract: Substituted pyridines of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydroxyl or chlorine, and a) X is hydrogen or chlorine, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together are .dbd.O, R.sup.4 is a group of the formula --OR.sup.5 and R.sup.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or benzyl, orb) X is hydrogen and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together are .dbd.N--NH--, orc) X and R.sup.2 each is hydrogen and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together are --O--, ord) X and R.sup.2 each is hydrogen, R.sup.3 is hydroxyl and R.sup.4 is amino or hydroxyl.The compounds are obtained by subjecting nicotine to microbiological oxidation to give 5-succinoyl-2-pyridone, followed by chemical reactions. The compounds are suitable as intermediates for the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A process for preparing acetoacetates of the general formula: ##STR1## They are prepared by the addition of diketene onto an alcohol of the general formula:HO--R.sup.

Abstract: A process for the asymmetric hydrogenation of the furoimidazole derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a protective group, which is cleavable in a known way, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a protective group, which is cleavable in a known way, with hydrogen in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst to the corresponding diastereomeric tetrahydrofuroimidazole derivatives of the general formula: ##STR2## The tetrahydrofuroimidazole derivatives of the general formula II are intermediate products for the production of vitamin (+) biotin.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the preparation of a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid or one of its physiologically tolerated salts of the formulae I or II: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and each denotes a hydrogen or halogen atom, and X denotes a nitrogen atom or CH--, from a heteroaromatic nitrile of the formulae III or IV, respectively: ##STR2## First, a microorganism, Alcaligenes faecalis (DSM 6335), is cultured in the presence of an inducer, 2-cyanopyridine, and a carbon source such as a dicarboxylic acid, a tricarboxylic acid or a carbohydrate. Substrate III or IV is then reacted with the cultured microorganism. The biotransformation is carried out under anaerobic conditions for compounds of the formula I, and under aerobic conditions for compounds of the formula II.

Abstract: A process for preparing imidazopyridines of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl group or is a heterocyclic radical, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are identical or different and are hydrogen, a hydroxy, a cyano, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl group or are an alkanoyl or an alkoxy-carbonyl group, and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, an alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group or a halogen atom. In the key step of the process, an amidine of the formula: ##STR2## is cyclized with a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound of the general formula: ##STR3## The imidazopyridines are valuable intermediates for the preparation of angiotensin II antagonists.

Abstract: A process for the production of 2-halo-4,6-dialkoxypyrimidines of the general formula: ##STR1## starting from a propanediimidate or its salts. In the first stage, a propanediimidate or its salts of the general formula: ##STR2## is/are converted with cyanamide of the formula:H.sub.2 N--CN IIIin the presence of a base at a pH values above pH 7 into a cyanimidate of the general formula: ##STR3## The latter is then converted in the second stage with a hydrogen halide into the end product according to formula I.

Abstract: A process for the production of substituted vinylbenzenes of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or an acetyl group and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms or a benzyl group. A trialkylhydroquinone is cyclized with an aldehyde to an acetal and the latter is pyrolized to the end product. The substituted vinylbenzenes are valuable intermediate products in the synthesis of antioxidants.

Abstract: A process for the production or 2-(methylthio)-disodium barbiturate. Thiourea, malonic acid dimethyl ester and sodium methanolate are reacted to disodium thiobarbiturate. The disodium thiobarbiturate then is reacted with methyl bromide, optionally in the presence of a base, to the end product.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms been previously induced.