Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the cooling rate at the bottom of molds used in the electroslag remelting process as the ingots solidify therein to provide a slow cooling and eliminate butt cracking in the bottoms of such ingots.

Abstract: A low carbon glassing steel structure having a very fine grain structure used in glass coating applications without deterioration in strength and impact resistance after being subjected to multiple high temperature thermal cycles, the steel structure having a minimum Charpy V-Notch energy of 50 ft-lbs at -50.degree. F. in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and a minimum tensile strength of 60 KSI, an ASTM ferrite grain size of eight or finer, and the following composition:______________________________________ ELEMENT PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT ______________________________________ Carbon up to 0.10 percent Manganese 0.45-1.25 percent Silicon 0.20-0.65 percent Niobium 0.02-0.

Abstract: A copper liner for a mold utilized in the electroslag refining process of a character to reduce thermal creep distortion and simultaneously increase the cooling effect obtained by circulating cold water, the liner being composed of copper and provided with a multiplicity of vertically disposed slots which may be straight or sinuous to receive cooling water, the structure between the slots dimensioned to function as cooling fins and at the same time structurally reinforce the mold liner to prevent creep.

Abstract: A flux for use in an electroslag refining system utilizing 5 - 20% of the material bastnasite, a mixed rare-earth, fluocarbonate mineral, with the balance of the flux designed using primarily:Calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2)Aluminum Oxide (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3)and other fluxing materials based on the specific objectives of the remelting operation, characterized by providing good desulfurization and substantial exclusion of atmospheric hydrogen from the liquid metal pool.

Abstract: A nickel innerlayer is sandwiched between a steel plate and a titanium plate in a steel assembly, the assembly being hermetically sealed and reduced in a hot rolling operation which results in a metallurgical bond with greatly improved ductility as measured by bending and shear tests. The nickel layer contains not more than 0.03 percent carbon and not less than about 0.05 percent of a carbide former in a ratio of between about 4-35 of carbide former to one of carbon.

Abstract: A molten metal vacuum-type sampler for taking samples of molten metal from the mold used in an electroslag refining process while opposite voltages are applied across the electrode and the mold, the sampler being a box-shaped hollow body with a silica tube extending downwardly therefrom to be inserted through the slag cover into the molten metal for a few seconds to draw a metal sample into the hollow space of the sampler. The sampler has two insulation boards on opposite sides overlapping the sides to prevent an electrically conductive contact of the sampler with the nearby surfaces of the mold and the electrode. An insulated pipe attached to the top of the sampler forms a handle in its upper aspect and connects conduits and a valve optionally to an argon gas source or a vacuum reservoir.

Abstract: A carbon brick/graphite lined furnace for melting, containing and pouring a special purpose slag composed of about 40 percent CaF.sub.2, 30 percent CaO and 30 percent Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or a slag composed of about 70 percent CaF.sub.2 and 30 percent Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 which has a cylindrical configuration and a roof composed of high alumina ram refractory with openings therein for receiving heating electrodes composed of graphite, for feeding dry slag into the furnace and for exhausting fumes therefrom. The furnace has a pouring spout and the roof can be raised whereby the furnace is turnable about trunions for discharging the molten slag into an electroslag remelting process mold. Both the interior lining and the next surrounding lining are composed of graphite or carbon bricks or a combination thereof. An expansion layer of insulating material, powder alumina, surrounds the second lining. Following this are two further linings of refractory material.