Abstract: A light-emitting electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and at least one light-emitting active material comprising a combination of an electrolyte, a first constituent comprising a host compound and a second constituent comprising a guest compound. A quotient between a difference in LUMO energy level between the first and second constituent, Etrapn, and a difference in HOMO energy level between the second and first constituent, Etrapp, is 1/10 to 10, a quotient between an electron mobility and a hole mobility on the first constituent is 1/100 to 100, a quotient between a number of ions of the electrolyte and a number of molecules or repeat units of the second constituent is ? to 5, and a LUMO energy level of the electrolyte is higher than the LUMO energy level of the first constituent and a HOMO energy level of the electrolyte is lower than the HOMO energy level of the first constituent.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is disclosed. The LEC comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first light-emitting active material in electrical contact with and separating the first and second electrodes. The first active material comprises mobile ions in an amount sufficient for doping the active material. The method comprises a step of depositing the first active material by spray-coating at an ambient gas pressure of at least about 1 kPa.

Abstract: A light-emitting device is provided having an anode, a cathode, and a light-emitting material contacting and separating the cathode and anode. Wherein the cathode includes a graphene and/or graphene oxide.

Abstract: A light-emitting device comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a light-emitting active material contacting and separating the first and second electrodes. The device comprises a combination of a conjugated polymer and an electrolyte, said electrolyte comprising ions, allowing for electrochemical doping of the conjugated polymer. In the device, a ratio between the ions and the conjugated polymer is selected to allow for the formation of: (i) a doped region at the respective electrode interface, which allows for injection and transport of electronic charge carriers into and through the doped regions, respectively, at zero or low overpotential, and (ii) an effectively undoped region, separating the doped regions, wherein injected electronic charge carriers are recombineable under excitation of the conjugated polymer and the polymer is de-excitable under the emission of light.