Abstract: A package for a light emitting diode (LED) including an electrically insulating substrate layer, a non-conductive layer disposed on the electrically insulating substrate layer, and a reflector layer disposed on the non-conductive layer. The electrically insulating layer includes metallized portions for coupling a light emitting diode thereto.

Abstract: Method and computer-readable medium are provided for controlling signaling and channel assignment in a decentralized trunked radio system to operationally mimic a centralized trunked radio system. The method allows monitoring a parameter indicative of elapsed time of channel activity, such as control channel or working channel activity or both, presently being carried in a respective one of a plurality of radio frequencies assigned to the radio system. Upon the parameter indicative of elapsed time of channel activity reaching a respective target value, the method allows determining whether there is another radio frequency in the plurality of radio frequencies assigned to the radio system available for carrying the channel activity presently being carried by the one radio frequency. If the determining action indicates the presence of an available radio frequency for carrying the channel activity, the channel activity is shifted from the one radio frequency to the available radio frequency.

Abstract: A multi-stage amplifier including a first amplifier stage including a first transistor, the first transistor selected to provide an optimum noise characteristic, and a second amplifier stage including a second transistor, the second transistor selected to provide an optimum gain characteristic.

Abstract: A radar based sensor detection system comprises a microwave source operative to provide a continuous wave signal at an output. A pulse-former is coupled to the output of the source and is operative to provide at an output a variable length pulse that increases the transmitted energy of the radar system according to the range of object detection. A modulator is coupled to the output of the pulse-former for providing a modulated pulse signal when required. A transmit/receive switch coupled to the output of the modulator is selectively operative between a first transmit position and a second receive position. A transmit channel coupled to the transmit/receive switch transmits the pulse signal when the switch is operated in the transmit position. A receiving channel coupled to the transmit/receive switch receives the modulator signal when the switch is operated in the receive position.

Abstract: An apparatus including an amplitude mapping circuit for converting at least a portion of an amplitude signal to a binary value and a plurality of amplifiers coupled to the amplitude mapping circuit, such that the binary value is transmitted to at least one of the plurality of amplifiers to specify a gain level of the amplifier. The apparatus may be used in a system where an input wave has been divided into amplitude and frequency components.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a system for determining a transfer function for emphasizing an electromagnetic signal prior to being processed by determining a discrete transfer function for a processing system, such as a wideband phase modulator; determining a target transfer function such that the target transfer function multiplied by the inverse of the discrete transfer function produces a discrete pre-emphasis transfer function; and transforming any unstable poles and/or zeros in the pre-emphasis transfer function to stable poles and/or zeros. The discrete transfer function may be determined, for example, by using an S-function, input and output signals, the inverse-invariant method, and/or the Steiglitz-McBride algorithm. The transformation of the unstable poles and/or zeros may be accomplished using an all pass filter. The target transfer function may be a low pass FIR filter having a gain of about unity across substantially all of the frequency range of said FIR filter.

Abstract: A sensor front end is disclosed that is able to discriminate objects based on their range from the sensor and to derive bearing information therefrom. The sensor system may include a signal source for generating source signal; an antenna system for transmitting the source signal to and receiving a reflected signal from the object; wherein the antenna system is configured for introducing a phase shift into either the source signal or the reflected signal to create a plurality of signal patterns; and an information processor programmed to receive the reflected signal and to determine bearing information for the object based on position and phase information in the plurality of signal patterns.

Abstract: An apparatus for electromagnetic processing comprises a controller and a processor for receiving an input signal. The processor comprises one or more stages in communication with the controller. The controller is capable of regulating the input signal and the one or more stages to generate an output signal.

Abstract: A transition for transmitting a mm-wave signal from one plane to another, the transition comprising: (a) first and second transmission lines on parallel planes; (b) a third transmission line orthogonal to the first and second transmission lines, wherein either the first and second transmission lines are suitable for transmitting a TEM mode signal and the third transmission line is suitable for transmitting a waveguide mode signal, or the third transmission line is suitable for transmitting a TEM mode signal and the first and second transmission lines are suitable for transmitting a waveguide mode signal; and (c) first and second transducers, the first transducer coupled between the first and third transmission lines, the second transducer coupled between the second and third transmission lines, each of the transducers suitable for converting a TEM mode signal to a waveguide mode signal.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a system for processing an electromagnetic wave by receiving rectangular coordinate information for the electromagnetic wave; and directly converting the rectangular coordinate information into a magnitude signal, a sin(?), and a cos(?) signal using a CORDIC algorithm, where ? represents a phase of the electromagnetic wave. The direct converting my be accomplished using shift and add/subtract operations in a processor and a look-up table, or by using at least two cascaded processors employing the CORDIC algorithm.

Abstract: A double pole single throw (DPST) switch circuit including a first circuit portion corresponding to a first input port, a second circuit portion corresponding to a second input port, and an output port, wherein each of the first and second circuit portions include at least one first transistor providing a portion of an isolation channel, at least one second transistor providing a portion of a transmit channel, and at least one third transistor for providing a control bias for selecting either the transmit channel or the isolation channel.

Abstract: A switch circuit including a first differential amplifier pair providing a portion of an isolation channel, a second differential amplifier pair providing a portion of a transmit channel, and a third differential amplifier pair providing a control bias for selecting either the transmit channel or the isolation channel. The switch circuit provides 35 dB isolation between input and output over a 15 GHz-26 GHz range, yet is only 500 ?m by 250 ?m in size.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for electromagnetic processing of an input wave involving receiving a modified signal derived from two or more signals that represent the input wave when combined; and regulating the modified signal using at least one analog signal containing a characteristic of the two or more signals. Embodiments of the invention may utilize in-phase and quadrature phase signals, where the magnitude portion of the signals may be used for regulating the modified signal. The modified signal may be created by modulating a characteristic of the I, Q signals, such as their sign, with an RF or other frequency carrier wave.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for electromagnetic processing of an input wave involving receiving a modified signal derived from two or more signals that represent the input wave when combined; and regulating the modified signal using at least one characteristic of the two or more signals. Embodiments of the invention may utilize in-phase and quadrature phase signals, where the magnitude portion of the signals may be used for regulating the modified signal. The modified signal may be created by modulating a characteristic of the I, Q signals, such as their sign, with an RF or other frequency carrier wave.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for electromagnetic processing of an input wave involving receiving a modified signal derived from two or more signals that represent the input wave when combined; and alternately regulating the modified signal using a digital signal containing at least one characteristic of said two or more signals. The invention may utilize in-phase and quadrature phase signals, where the magnitude portion of the signals may be used for regulating the modified signal. The modified signal may be created by modulating a characteristic of the I, Q signals, such as their sign, with an RF or other frequency carrier wave.

Abstract: A proxy is utilized to limit the RF bandwidth needed for foreign IP registration. An existing RF log-in procedure causes the proxy to initiate and complete the foreign IP registration procedure with the foreign agent at the RF site where the mobile node is located. The proxy then acts as a locally connected (i.e., direct ethernet connected) device for each IP address for which it is proxying, and thus there is no need to use RF to register a mobile with the active foreign agent. This allows the use of off-the-shelf home and foreign agents to complete the mobile IP architecture, and reduces the RF bandwidth used, since the RF portion of the registration process (the registration between the active foreign agent and the mobile) is reduced.

Abstract: An integrated circuit package houses and connects to a die to form an integrated circuit with internal matching. The package comprises a lead frame comprising at least one transmission line, a die paddle, and at least one input lead and at least one output lead. Bond wires connect select locations along the at least one transmission line to ground through impedance matching circuit components located within the integrated circuit to provide an impedance matching network associated with at least one of the output leads. A plastic mold compound substantially encases the lead frame, while exposing the die paddle and the input/output leads. Incorporating the transmission line into the lead-frame avoids having to place the matching network outside of the integrated circuit package. That is, etching the lead frame to provide the transmission line, and placing components (e.g., capacitors, inductors, etc.

Abstract: A high speed switching apparatus comprises first and second parallel balanced lines each directed from an input line end to an output line end and adapted to receive equal and opposite currents to provide balanced operation. Third and fourth parallel balanced lines are spaced apart one from the other and each directed from an input line end to an output line end and adapted to receive equal and opposite currents to provide balanced operation. A first switch is coupled between the output end of the first line and the input end of the third line, and operative in a first high impedance off state and a second low impedance on state. A second switch is coupled between the output end of the second line and the input end of the fourth line, and operative in a first high impedance off state and a second low impedance on state.

Abstract: A method for determining an open or available channel from a plurality of predetermined channels for communication between a portable unit and a mobile repeater unit operating within the same wireless communication system. After an available channel has been selected, communication between the portable unit and the mobile repeater unit is established on the selected channel, and the selected channel is identified as active to all other portable units and mobile repeater units operating on the system.

Abstract: A transmitter for directly modulating an RF carrier with a complex baseband waveform comprises a programmable device adapted to generate amplitude and phase information collectively corresponding to a complex baseband waveform, a signal generator adapted to generate an RF carrier whose phase is responsive to phase information generated by the programmable device, a plurality of delta modulators, and an amplifier coupled to the signal generator and receiving the RF carrier with phase information. Each delta modulator is operative to sample an error signal at a time period offset from all other delta modulators to thereby generate streams of pulses collectively approximating the amplitude information. The supply voltage of the amplifier is adjusted in accordance with approximated amplitude information represented by the streams of pulses generated by the delta modulators.