Abstract: An electromechanical variable valve actuator for selectively opening and closing an intake or exhaust valve in an internal combustion engine having a valve closure member and a valve seat which employs Lorentz forces by using a current carrying conductive armature coil which is connected to the valve closure member and placed in a fixed air gap and movable in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic field generated by a magnetic field generator and directed across the air gap. The electromagnetic vector force, know as the Lorentz force, exerted on the armature coil results from the cross product of the current and the magnetic field.

Abstract: An electromechanical variable valve actuator for selectively opening and closing an intake or exhaust valve in an internal combustion engine having a valve closure member and a valve seat which employs Lorentz forces by using a current carrying conductive armature coil which is connected to the valve closure member and placed in a fixed air gap and movable in a direction perpendicular to a magnetic field generated by a magnetic field generator and directed across the air gap. The electromagnetic vector force, known as the Lorentz force, exerted on the armature coil results from the cross product of the current and the magnetic field.

Abstract: This invention relates to a laser disc buffing apparatus in which a buffing wheel is rotated on an axis perpendicular to the axis of the rotating laser disc and under compression against the disc to remove scratches or marks on the entire surface of the disc while cleaning the disc.