Abstract: A switching unit for a telecommunication network, such as an SDH telecommunications network, comprises a command controlled switching matrix having at least two switching degrees of freedom and a control logic for generating a first type of control commands which, for a group of connections, define the switching thereof in a first degree of freedom, and at least a second type of control commands which specify, for a given connection, the switching thereof in all degrees of freedom. Between the control logic and the switching matrix, a conversion circuit there is operative for combining control commands of the first type with control commands of the second type into a control command of the second type.

Abstract: A method of operating a message receiver for a message, that is present as a burst, which includes at least a training sequence and useful data is performed by stepwise synchronizing the receiver with the burst as the burst is received.

Abstract: A bandpass filter comprises a number of resonators which are arranged between an input and an output of the filter and which are interconnected to form at least two main signal paths that lead from the input to the output. The at least two main signal paths have overlapping passbands and are connected to the input and/or output via different resonators.

Abstract: The invention relates to a phase error detector which generates a phase correction signal in such a manner that the phase characteristic curve thereof does not have any undesired zero positions and comprises a finite steepness in the angular area around the engaging point. The inventive phase error detector (PFD) calculates the phase correction signal (S) according to the detected decision domain in accordance with a number of predetermined calculating methods. The phase error detector (PFD) attains such an allocation between the decision domains of the complex QAM single state plane and the individual calculating methods such that the static phase characteristic curve thereof does not have any additional zero positions apart from the engaging point.

Abstract: A parabolic reflector for an antenna has a plurality of concentric annular sections arranged in series from a first annular section nearest a central axis of the reflector to a last annular section defining an outer perimeter of the reflector. Each section has a parabolic reflecting surface between inner and outer perimeters. The sections are configured such that the focal point associated with at least the last section lies inside an internal volume of the reflector and are arranged with respect to each other along the central axis, such that an overall depth of the reflector is substantially minimized. The inner perimeters of all the sections are preferably arranged to lie substantially on a plane which is perpendicular to the central axis. The outer perimeter of each section except the last section is preferably connected with the inner perimeter of the succeeding section by means of an annular strip.

Abstract: A multicell amplifier comprises a first divider unit, which receives the input signal of the amplifier, divides it into 2N subsignals, amplifies them and recombines the amplified signals in two N-way combiners to form two local output signals; two further divider units which take the local output signals and divide them into 4N subsignals, amplify them and recombine the amplified signals to form three local output signals; and two combiner units which take the three local output signals and divide them into 4N subsignals, amplify them and recombine the amplified signals to provide the output signal of the amplifier.

Abstract: A bondwire transition arrangement for interconnecting a signal port on one IC of a multichip module with a signal port on another, adjacent, IC of the same module employs a distributed signal-transition process in which the signal on one port appears as subsignals at tapping points along a series transmission-line segment arrangement between that port and ground on the same IC and the subsignals are recombined along a second series transmission-line segment arrangement connected between the other port and ground on the other IC. Spatially corresponding tapping points are interconnected via bondwires.

Abstract: A method which significantly reduces a frequency offset in a base-station receiver, with the minimum effort possible, sets a reference frequency of a demodulator in each subscriber station in such a way, that its output signal no longer has a carrier frequency portion. A reference frequency for a modulator is calculated and set using the reference frequency, set in the above manner for the demodulator of the relevant subscriber station, and using all the given predetermined converter reference frequencies in the subscriber station and in the base station, on condition that a carrier frequency which occurs in the output signal of the base-station demodulator is set to zero.

Abstract: Devices having setting elements are adjusted by carrying out a first measurement of a characteristic curve to be controlled at predefined measurement points, each setting element assuming a reference setting; testing a termination condition and terminating the method if this condition is satisfied; and, if the termination condition is not satisfied, modifying the reference setting of each setting element and measuring the characteristic curve again at predefined measurement points for this configuration; reproducing the initial reference setting of the modified setting element; when there is more than one setting element, calculating the gradient functions of the characteristic curve; calculating new settings by minimizing an error function by using the obtained measured values and the calculated gradient functions; and carrying out the method again, beginning with the new calculated settings serving as the new reference setting.

Abstract: The invention relates to a communications network comprising a large number of nodes (1, 2, . . . , 7), at least two (1, 7) of which are connected via at least two different routes (1-2-3, 3-4, 4-7; 1-2-3, 3-5, 5-6, 6-7). At least one of said routes comprises a radio link (3-4), which runs from a transmitter to a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver support a large number of transmission modes with varying robustness and data throughputs and comprise elements (17) for defining the transmission mode used depending on the detected transmission quality of the radio link (3-4, . . . ). The communications network is also equipped with elements for distributing (15, 18) the data traffic that is to be transmitted from one of the two nodes (1) to the other (7) between the two routes (1-2-3, 3-4, 4-7; 1-2-3, 3-5, 5-6, 6-7), according to their data throughput.

Abstract: A circulator comprises a housing in two halves with a ferrite and associated magnet in a central portion of a first one of the halves, the second housing-half above the ferrite having a membrane which is deformable by operation of an adjuster upon the membrane, so as to adjust the size of an airgap between the membrane and the ferrite. The membrane is preferably the residual portion of the second housing-half following a milling operation to provide a recess, the recess accommodating the adjuster in the form of, e.g., a screw. To further enhance predictability of the performance characteristics of the circulator, the ferrite is seated in a hollow formed in the first housing-half and the securing of the ferrite to the first housing-half is by way of an adhesive applied between a lateral face of the ferrite and a corresponding lateral face of the hollow.

Abstract: A coding method for modulating carrier signals with 16 different digital states (4 bit signals) possesses a high synchronicity robustness and an at least partially improved coding gain. The coding parameters are obtained by the following steps: a) using a 2 ASK/8 PSK coding; b) choosing a convolutional code and determining all possible code word sequences with the free distance of the convolutional code; c) producing possible mappings by allocating a partial quantity of the 2 ASK/8 PSK channel bits to subsets; d) choosing the mapping at which, after determination of the optimum radii of the two amplitudes for every possible mapping, the resulting minimum Euclidean distance takes a maximum value between two possible subset sequences code word sequence.

Abstract: A method of gluing a circuit component onto a circuit board. The circuit component has a bottom area with at least one edge for bringing into contact with the circuit board. The distance between the edge and a first line parallel to the edge and an amount of adhesive to be applied per length unit along the line are determined such that, when placing the circuit component on the circuit board,the adhesive advances to the edge but not to a second circuit component adjacent to the edge. The adhesive is applied in the selected quantity along the first line and along further lines which are parallel to the first line and further away from the edge. Then, the circuit component is placed on the circuit board.

Abstract: An integrated semiconductor mixer includes a substrate (10), a radio-frequency balun (12) disposed on the substrate (10), a local oscillator balun (14) disposed on the substrate (10), an intermediate-frequency port (16) disposed on the substrate (10), and a mixer diode array (18), disposed on the substrate (10), that communicates with the radio-frequency balun (12), the local oscillator balun (14), and the intermediate-frequency port (16), in which the radio-frequency balun (12) is shielded from the local oscillator balun (14) by plated holes (20).

Abstract: A capacitor element on a chip, e.g., a MMIC chip, includes a main capacitor in parallel with a series configuration of trimming capacitors. The total capacitance value of the parallel arrangement can be increased from its inherently minimum value by applying one or more laser pulses to one or more of the trimming capacitors, such that in each case a short-circuit is produced between the metallization layer to which the pulses are applied and the other metallization layer making up the trimming capacitor.

Abstract: An apparatus for frequency and phase acquisition has a voltage-controlled oscillator and a search generator with a forward path and a backward path for generating a search signal with a search frequency, the forward path of the search generator acting as a loop filter when the frequency is locked off. The search signal is symmetrized.

Abstract: The inventive receiver has a receiving branch for each of the two signals (EH, EV) and a demodulator (MHE, MVE) and means (SH, SV) for synchronising the phase of the received signal (EH, EV) with the transmitting phase are provided in said branches, respectively. Polaristion decouplers (XPIC-VH, XPIC-HV) which compensate cross-polar crosstalk between the two received signals (EH, EV) are provided for both of the receiving branches. The polarisation decoupling (XPIC-VH, XPIC-HV) of the two received signals (EH, EV) takes place after they have been demodulated (MHE, MVE) and before they have been phase-synchronised (SH, SV) so that the receiver can function as inexpensively as possible in terms of the components that it requires and so that it can also compensate cross polar channel crosstalk for circular QAM signal constellations.

Abstract: A multilayered slot-coupled antenna device employs a push-pull arrangement of at least two slot-feedline pairs, whereby the feed lines are driven from a common signal source and configured such that changes in antenna center-frequency and input impedance due to layer offsets are largely compensated.

Abstract: A cassegrain-type feed for a parabolic antenna is a dual-band feed and employs a waveguide feeding a dielectric cone feeding a subreflector. The waveguide has an end-portion adjacent a narrow end of the cone. The impedance of an inner wall of the cone is modified by the inclusion of a dielectric sleeve of thickness between ? and ¼ of a wavelength relative to propagation in the sleeve at a mean value of the upper of the two frequency bands concerned. The sleeve helps to provide a rotationally substantially symmetric illumination of the subreflector in the upper frequency band and, when used with a parabolic main reflector, a similarly symmetric illumination of the main reflector also. The sleeve may be replaced by a series of grooves formed in the inner wall of the waveguide end-portion, these grooves being nominally ¼ of a mean wavelength deep.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a cavity resonator that has a great variable frequency area of a resonance frequency and is provided with good quality. Such a cavity resonator is provided with a round cross-section. The H11n in wave mode acting as the resonance wave mode exists in said resonator which is separated into two components with regard to the cross-sectional plane (5) thereof. The two cavity components (1, 2) can be displaced against each other in the direction of the common longitudinal axis (7) thereof.