Abstract: A noninvasive physiological sensor for measuring one or more physiological parameters of a medical patient can include a bump interposed between a light source and a photodetector. The bump can be placed in contact with body tissue of a patient and thereby reduce a thickness of the body tissue. As a result, an optical pathlength between the light source and the photodetector can be reduced. In addition, the sensor can include a heat sink that can direct heat away from the light source. Moreover, the sensor can include shielding in the optical path between the light source and the photodetector. The shielding can reduce noise received by the photodetector.

Abstract: Systems that can include a microneedle array and a small molecule metabolic reporter are disclosed. The systems can be used to penetrate the epidermis and monitor the change in concentration of one or more metabolite or analyte.

Abstract: A physiological sensor is adapted to removably attach an emitter assembly and a detector assembly to a fingertip. The emitter assembly is adapted to transmit optical radiation having multiple wavelengths into fingertip tissue. The detector assembly is adapted to receive the optical radiation after attenuation by the fingertip tissue. The sensor has a first shell and a second shell hinged to the first shell. A spring is disposed between the shells and urges the shells together. An emitter pad is fixedly attached to the first shell and configured to retain the emitter assembly. A detector pad is fixedly attached to the second shell and configured to retain the detector assembly. A detector aperture is defined within the detector pad and adapted to pass optical radiation to the detector assembly. A contour is defined along the detector pad and generally shaped to conform to a fingertip positioned over the detector aperture.

Abstract: A sensor interconnect assembly has a circuit substrate. An emitter portion of the substrate is adapted to mount emitters. A detector portion of the substrate is adapted to mount a detector. A cable portion of the substrate is adapted to connect a sensor cable. A first group of conductors are disposed on the substrate electrically interconnecting the emitter portion and the cable portion. A second group of conductors are disposed on the substrate electrically interconnecting the detector portion and the cable portion. A decoupling portion of the substrate disposed proximate the cable portion substantially mechanically isolating the cable portion from both the emitter portion and the detector portion so that sensor cable stiffness is not translated to the emitters or the detector.

Abstract: Small Molecule Metabolite Reporters (SMMRs) for use as in vivo glucose biosensors, sensor compositions, and methods of use, are described. The SMMRs include boronic acid-containing xanthene, coumarin, carbostyril and phenalene-based small molecules which are used for monitoring glucose in vivo, advantageously on the skin.

Abstract: The disclosure includes pulse oximetry systems and methods for determining point-by-point saturation values by encoding photoplethysmographs in the complex domain and processing the complex signals. The systems filter motion artifacts and other noise using a variety of techniques, including statistical analysis such as correlation, or phase filtering.

Abstract: A physiological monitor for determining blood oxygen saturation of a medical patient includes a sensor, a signal processor and a display. The sensor includes at least three light emitting diodes. Each light emitting diode is adapted to emit light of a different wavelength. The sensor also includes a detector, where the detector is adapted to receive light from the three light emitting diodes after being attenuated by tissue. The detector generates an output signal based at least in part upon the received light. The signal processor determines blood oxygen saturation based at least upon the output signal, and the display provides an indication of the blood oxygen saturation.

Abstract: A physiological monitor for determining blood oxygen saturation of a medical patient includes a sensor, a signal processor and a display. The sensor includes at least three light emitting diodes. Each light emitting diode is adapted to emit light of a different wavelength. The sensor also includes a detector, where the detector is adapted to receive light from the three light emitting diodes after being attenuated by tissue. The detector generates an output signal based at least in part upon the received light. The signal processor determines blood oxygen saturation based at least upon the output signal, and the display provides an indication of the blood oxygen saturation.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods for processing in vivo skin auto-fluorescence spectra for determining blood glucose levels. The invention also relates to methods of classifying cells or tissue samples or quantifying a component of a cell or tissue using a multivariate classification or quantification model.

Abstract: A blood constituent monitoring method for inducing an active pulse in the blood volume of a patient. The induction of an active pulse results in a cyclic, and periodic change in the flow of blood through a fleshy medium under test. By actively inducing a change of the blood volume, modulation of the volume of blood can be obtained to provide a greater signal to noise ratio. This allows for the detection of constituents in blood at concentration levels below those previously detectable in a non-invasive system. Radiation which passes through the fleshy medium is detected by a detector which generates a signal indicative of the intensity of the detected radiation. Signal processing is performed on the electrical signal to isolate those optical characteristics of the electrical signal due to the optical characteristics of the blood.

Abstract: A blood parameter measurement system has a monitor configured to provide an oxygen saturation measurement based upon the absorption of two wavelengths of optical radiation by a tissue site. A software upgrade is installable in the monitor so as to enable the monitor to operate in conjunction with a multiple wavelength sensor. A wavelength controller is adapted to the upgrade so as to drive the sensor.

Abstract: The disclosure includes pulse oximetry systems and methods for determining point-by-point saturation values by encoding photoplethysmographs in the complex domain and processing the complex signals. The systems filter motion artifacts and other noise using a variety of techniques, including statistical analysis such as correlation, or phase filtering.

Abstract: A blood glucose monitoring system is disclosed which provides for inducing an active pulse in the blood volume of a patient. The induction of an active pulse results in a cyclic, and periodic change in the flow of blood through a fleshy medium under test. By actively inducing a change of the blood volume, modulation of the volume of blood can be obtained to provide a greater signal to noise ratio. This allows for the detection of constituents in blood at concentration levels below those previously detectable in a non-invasive system. Radiation which passes through the fleshy medium is detected by a detector which generates a signal indicative of the intensity of the detected radiation. Signal processing is performed on the electrical signal to isolate those optical characteristics of the electrical signal due to the optical characteristics of the blood.

Abstract: A signal processor generates basis functions and identifies at least one basis function component of a sensor signal in order to calculate a physiological measurement. The signal processor is advantageously applied to pulse oximetry so as to directly calculate oxygen saturation and so as to calculate a robust oxygen saturation measurement. In particular, a signal component transform may be calculated within a window around a derived pulse rate estimate. A signal component transform may also utilize sinusoidal basis functions, and an optimization of a signal component transform may occur at a particular frequency or a set of frequencies. A sinusoidal waveform or waveforms at that frequency or set of frequencies is generated to select associated red and infrared components of the sensor signal, and an oxygen saturation is calculated from a magnitude ratio of these components.

Abstract: An optical filter used in applications involving spectroscopic measurements is fabricated by depositing layers of optical coatings onto a substrate. The layers are deposited so as to have a substantially constant thickness in a first direction along the surface of the substrate, and a gradually increasing thickness along a direction perpendicular to the first direction. The structure of the optical filter allows for large scale production of the filter so that costs in producing the filter are greatly reduced. The filter may be used in a variety of applications including, but not limited to chemical analysis, blood glucose monitoring, and the like.

Abstract: A blood constituent monitoring method for inducing an active pulse in the blood volume of a patient. The induction of an active pulse results in a cyclic, and periodic change in the flow of blood through a fleshy medium under test. By actively inducing a change of the blood volume, modulation of the volume of blood can be obtained to provide a greater signal to noise ratio. This allows for the detection of constituents in blood at concentration levels below those previously detectable in a non-invasive system. Radiation which passes through the fleshy medium is detected by a detector which generates a signal indicative of the intensity of the detected radiation. Signal processing is performed on the electrical signal to isolate those optical characteristics of the electrical signal due to the optical characteristics of the blood.

Abstract: A blood glucose monitoring system includes a broadband light source and a specially fabricated optical filter for modulating optical radiation to be transmitted through a fleshy medium. Optical radiation which passes through the fleshy medium is detected by an optical detector which generates an electrical signal indicative of the intensity of the detected light. Digital signal processing is performed on the electrical signal to extract those optical characteristics of the electrical signal due to the optical characteristics of the filter and constituents of the fleshy May 1, 1995 medium other than blood glucose concentration. The monitoring system employs a unique "double-log" transformation to minimize errors due to indeterminate path length variations of the optical radiation through the fleshy medium. The monitoring system further employs specialized signal processing to avoid inaccuracies due to the previously unidentified solvent effect which arises when glucose is dissolved into water.