Abstract: SR-BI is present at relatively high levels on the membranes of hepatocytes and steroidogenic tissues, including the adrenal gland, testes, and ovaries, where it mediates the uptake and transport of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins. It has been demonstrated that transgenic animals which do not produce SR-BI are healthy, with the exception that the females are infertile. SR-BI KO females have abnormal HDLs, ovulate dysfunctional oocytes and are infertile. Surgical, genetic and pharmacologic methods were used to show that the fertility of SR-BI KO females (or their transplanted oocytes) can be restored in the absence of ovarian and/or extraovarian SR-BI expression by manipulations that modify the structure, composition and/or abundance of their abnormal plasma lipoproteins. These manipulations included inactivation of the apolipoprotein A-I gene and administration of the cholesterol-lowering drug PROBUCOL™.

Abstract: Electrically (and, possibly, mechanically) active patterns are applied using a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles that exhibit a desired electrical characteristic. The nanoparticles are surrounded by an insulative shells that may be removed by therefrom by application of energy (e.g., in the form of electromagnetic radiation or heat). The nanoparticle suspension is applied to a surface, forming a layer that is substantially insulative owing to the nanoparticle shells. The applied suspension is exposed to energy to remove the capping groups and fuse the particles into cohesion. If the nanoparticle suspension was deposited as a uniform film, the energy is applied in a desired pattern so that unexposed areas remain insulative while exposed areas exhibit the electrical behavior associated with the nanoparticles. If the nanoparticle suspension was deposited in a desired pattern, it may be uniformly exposed to energy.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrostatically-controllable diffraction grating including a plurality of electrically isolated and stationary electrodes disposed on a substrate. At least one row of a plurality of interconnected actuation elements is provided, with each actuation element suspended, by a corresponding mechanically constrained support region, over the substrate by a vertical actuation gap and including a conducting actuation region connected to the corresponding support region and disposed in a selected correspondence with at least one substrate electrode. A mirror element is provided, for at least one actuation element in at least one row of actuation elements, including an optically reflecting upper surface, and being vertically suspended over a corresponding actuation element by a mechanically constrained mirror support region that is connected to the corresponding actuation element and that defines a vertical mirror gap.

Abstract: A wireless, in-road traffic sensor system using sensors that are small, low-cost, and rugged. The sensors may be capable of measuring the speed of passing vehicles, identifying the type of passing vehicle and measuring information about roadway conditions, e.g., wet or icy. The sensor includes a wireless transmitter and may be configured for installation beneath a roadway surface. The sensors may be configured as a traffic sensor system including distributed sensors across a roadway system, concentrators for receiving the sensor broadcasts and a central computer for accumulating and organizing the sensed information. The sensed information may also be made available responsive to user requests via the Web through such reports as traffic delays, alternate route planning and travel time estimates. Alternatively, the sensed information may also be used to control traffic through a traffic control means, such as a traffic signal.

Abstract: A digital circuit includes a plurality of arbiters, each arbiter having first and second input ports and an output port at which is provided an arbiter output signal. Each first input of the plurality of arbiters is connected to a first common line and each second input of the plurality of arbiters is connected to a second common line. The digital circuit further includes a decision circuit, having a plurality of inputs and an output, with each of the inputs of the decision circuit coupled to a corresponding one of the output of the plurality of arbiters. The decision circuit provides an output signal indicative of the time difference between a signal fed to the first common line and a signal fed to the second common line. With such an arrangement, phase jitter or timing jitter in a clock network can be measured with relatively high resolution and the system cam resolve cycle-by-cycle jitter with a predetermined resolution.

Abstract: Methods and formulations for delivery of macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, are disclosed, where the macromolecule is dissolved or dispersed in a low toxicity organic solvent which can be aerosolized for delivery to a patient's lungs by inhalation. Optionally, appropriate solubility enhancers are also present in the formulations composition.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for processing the images obtained from an atomic force microscopy when profiling high aspect ratio features. A deconvolution technique for deconvolving the sample image includes the use of multiple images but does not require exact calibration of the scanning probe. In one embodiment, erosion and dilation techniques are used to obtain an undistorted image of the sample being measured. In another embodiment, Legendre transforms are used to obtain an undistorted image of the sample being measured. Also described is a technique for measuring the tip radius of the scanning probe.

Abstract: An antenna selection method is used in a wireless location system that determines the geographic location of a mobile wireless transmitter. The wireless location system includes signal collection systems connected to multiple antennas at a plurality of cell sites and a location processor for processing digital data provided by the signal collection systems. The antenna selection method comprises evaluating segments of data collected from a plurality of antennas at a signal collection system, selecting a subset of the segments of data, and using only the selected segments of data in location processing.

Abstract: An integrated optical sensor using optical waveguide micro-cavity resonators. Using a laser and a detector it is possible to detect changes in the position of the resonance position, in wavelength or frequency, of one or more modes of the resonator. The change in resonance can be made dependent on chemicals, which have been adsorbed by chemically or biologically sensitive material provided in close proximity to the resonator.

Abstract: A hydrogen enhanced gasoline engine system using high compression ratio is optimized to minimize NOx emissions, exhaust aftertreatment catalyst requirements, hydrogen requirements, engine efficiency and cost. In one mode of operation the engine is operated very lean (equivalence ratio ø=0.4 to 0.7) at lower levels of power. Very lean operation reduces NOx to very low levels. A control system is used to increase equivalence ratio at increased torque or power requirements while avoiding the knock that would be produced by high compression ratio operation. The increased equivalence ratio reduces the amount of hydrogen required to extend the lean limit in order to avoid misfire and increases torque and power. The engine may be naturally aspirated, turbocharged, or supercharged.

Abstract: Surface impacts are located and characterized based on an acoustic signal produced by the impact despite the presence of signal dispersion. Acoustic signals from the surface may be compared to acoustic signals detected external to the surface in order to eliminate spurious impact sensing due to external sounds. Low-frequency acoustic signals may be sensed and identified as explicit hard “bangs” which are of limited utility for pointing and tracking applications.

Abstract: The system of the present invention includes an actuator having at least two electrodes, an elastomeric dielectric film disposed between the two electrodes, and a frame attached to the elastomeric dielectric film. The frame provides a linear actuation force characteristic over a displacement range. The displacement range is preferably the stroke of the actuator. The displacement range can be about 5 mm and greater. Further, the frame can include a plurality of configurations, for example, at least a rigid members coupled to a flexible member wherein the frame provides an elastic restoring force. In preferred embodiments, the rigid member can be, but is not limited to, curved beams, parallel beams, rods and plates.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods that include, inter alia, wireless communication systems that integrate wireless receivers and transmitters with host computer platforms and that include a data access channel that delivers into the memory space of an application program digital data that is representative of a base band modulated signal. Accordingly, these systems can employ wideband digitization of an incoming signal, such as an RF signal, direct the digitized data into the application memory space of a general purpose workstation, and allow an application program operating on the general purpose work station to perform the digital signal processing that obtains the information encoded within the digitized signal.

Abstract: Particles incorporating a surfactant and/or a hydrophilic or hydrophobic complex of a positively or negatively charged therapeutic agent and a charged molecule of opposite charge for drug delivery to the pulmonary system, and methods for their synthesis and administration are provided. In a preferred embodiment, the particles are made of a biodegradable material and have a tap density less than 0.4 g/cm3 and a mass mean diameter between 5 &mgr;m and 30 &mgr;m, which together yield an aerodynamic diameter of the particles of between approximately one and three microns. The particles may be formed of biodegradable materials such as biodegradable polymers. For example, the particles may be formed of poly(lactic acid) or poly(glycolic acid) or copolymers thereof. Alternatively, the particles may be formed solely of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent and a surfactant.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converting includes a fanned out module for receiving an input signal and producing a plurality of new signals. A plurality of analog to digital converter modules receive the new signals from the fanned out module. Each of the new signals is assigned at least one of the analog to digital converters, such that the digital converter modules produce a plurality of digitized signals from each of their associated new signals. A combiner module receives the plurality of digitized signals, and combines the plurality of digitized signals to form a single digitized signal.

Abstract: A microcontact printing tool having a print unit including a stamp head with a stamp and a wafer chuck for retaining a substrate. The stamp contained by the stamped head movable relative to the substrate by an actuator and a stage. A plurality of sensors detect the position of the stamp relative to substrate. A method of using the printing tool that includes a real-time feedback for consistent and accurate application of force during the printing of the substrate. The stamp head includes a pressure chamber carrying the stamp. The stamp backing is deflected prior to contact of the stamp with the substrate to form a minimum point and the stamp backing and the stamp is returned to a plane to create a printing propagation contact. An apparatus and method of producing the stamp on a stamp backing. The apparatus has a master backing and a stamping backing in close proximity and the stamp material drawn in through a vacuum. The stamp is separated from the master by use of a parting fluid.

Abstract: A series of articles and techniques for controlled pharmaceutical delivery within a patient is described. An article includes at least one cavity having an interior dimension equal to a resonant mode of electromagnetic radiation to which the article is exposed. A standing wave is created within the cavity, causing a change in a diffusion characteristic of at least one component of the cavity, in turn causing release of a pharmaceutical from the cavity into an area of the body surrounding the article. Low-energy, non-destructive electromagnetic radiation, such as visible or near-infrared light, can be used.

Abstract: Mutagenesis of the gene encoding homoserine dehydrogenase (hom) for production of the amino acid threonine is described. The mutation causes an alteration in the carboxy terminus of the enzyme that interferes with end-product inhibition by threonine. The lack of end-product inhibition causes an overproduction of threonine.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a nanocrystallite from a M-containing salt forms a nanocrystallite. The nanocrystallite can be a member of a population of nanocrystallites having a narrow size distribution and can include one or more semiconductor materials. Semiconducting nanocrystallites can photoluminesce and can have high emission quantum efficiencies.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to devices and systems used in magnetic imaging environments that include an actuator device having an elastomeric dielectric film with at least two electrodes, and a frame attached to the actuator device. The frame can have a plurality of configurations including, such as, for example, at least two members that can be, but not limited to, curved beams, rods, plates, or parallel beams. These rigid members can be coupled to flexible members such as, for example, links wherein the frame provides an elastic restoring force. The frame preferably provides a linear actuation force characteristic over a displacement range. The linear actuation force characteristic is defined as ±20% and preferably 10% over a displacement range. The actuator further includes a passive element disposed between the flexible members to tune a stiffness characteristic of the actuator. The passive element can be a bi-stable element.