Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of a catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), comprising exposing the catalyst to an external magnetic field of between 65×10?6 mT and ?200 mT during the oxygen evolution reaction, wherein the catalyst is a material which exhibits an increased Berry phase induced by the exposure of the catalyst to the external magnetic field.

Abstract: The present invention refers to methods of increasing the catalytic efficieny of Hydrogen Evolution Reactions (HER) electrocatalysts with a low external magnetic field. The present invention further includes electrochemical cells having an external magnetic field. The electrocatalyst is a metal or a compound with partially filled d-orbitals, more preferred a ferromagnetic or paramagnetic material with partially filled d-orbitals.

Abstract: A method of producing X-ray resist with etching patterns, using known supports which are coated with a film comprised of copolymers of methacrylonitrile and methacrylic acid is disclosed. This method uses the following protocol.(a) A copolymer of methacrylonitrile and methacrylic acid with molecular weight <700,000 is used for coating the support.(b) Before X-ray irradiation, the film is thermally treated at temperatures below 150.degree. C. until a solvent-free, uncrosslinked film is obtained.(c) After the X-ray irradiation, the film is tempered for 15-30 min at temperatures in the range 140.degree.-170.degree. C.(d) And subsequently the film is developed with a solvent system L comprised of water and/or an organic solvent which contains oxygen in the form of a hydroxyl group and/or an ether group and/or an ester group.