Abstract: Non-flammable electrolyte compositions for lithium metal primary batteries and the cells containing these electrolytes are described. The electrolyte compositions comprise one or more partially or fully fluorinated functionalized short chain polyethers with one or more lithium salts, and may include one or more cosolvents, and may have one or more fire retardants added. Said short chain functionalized fluorinated polyethers have much better ionic conductivity than the alkyl terminated fluorinated polyethers or long chain perfluoropolyethers, which provide superior flame resistance without sacrificing overall battery performance. Heat resistant, non-flammable primary lithium cells are also disclosed.

Abstract: Lithium metal anode protection, and various semi-fuel cell constructions for use in deep, high pressure seawater or air media are provided. The described lithium semi-fuel cells achieve record high energy densities, due to the high energy density of lithium anode and the use of the cathode reactant from the surrounding media, which is not part of the cell weight, and the use of ultralight and flexible packaging materials. These features make the described semi-fuel cells the ideal choice for powering underwater and air vehicles.