Abstract: The present invention relates to a phosphating method and solution for forming on a metal surface a phosphate film, which are used for elevating coating finish and rust-preventive property when a product consisting essentially of steel and/or zinc-plated steel combined with an aluminum alloy is coated with cationic electrocoating.The method and solution comprise that said metal surface is brought, to form a coating film, in contact with an aqueous phosphate solution which satisfies the following conditions with respect to the six kinds of ions contained. A total concentration of a sodium ion and a potassium ion is in a range of 2.0 to 15.0 (g/l). A total concentration of a manganese ion and a nickel ion is in a range of 1.0 to 5.0 (g/l). Concentration of a zinc ion is in a range of (1.6-0.02 T) to (2.5-0.02 T) (g/l). Concentration of a free F.sup.- ion is in a range of 8.0 T.sup.-1 to 20.0 T.sup.-1 (g/l), (here, T is temperature (.degree.C.) of a phosphating solution and in a range of 20 to 60).

Abstract: A drive device for opening and closing a vehicle top includes a pair of control devices each fixed in the side of the vehicle body, a falling pillar swingably supporting the vehicle top on the vehicle body and a pair of extendable link mechanisms that include link rods which are inclinable and which couple a swinging arm of the respective control device with the falling pillar. Each of the control devices includes a housing in which is rotatably positioned at least a portion of an output shaft for rotating the swinging arm, a driving device attached to the housing and generating a rotary driving force, a first reduction gear stage formed as a worm drive which is coupled with the driving device and which is housed in the housing, and a second reduction gear stage formed as a spur gear drive which is coupled with the worm drive for driving the output shaft and which is housed in the housing.

Abstract: An electric driving device for openable members in which an openable member is opened and closed by rotation of driving shafts provided on right and left sides. The device includes a motor which rotates the driving shafts via a reduction mechanism, and switching relays which switch the rotational direction of the motor. Open and close command switches command the opening and closing of the openable member and a rotation synchronization sensor associated with the motor generates pulses synchronized with the rotation of the motor. A mechanical stopper limits the rotation of the driving shaft which is rotated via the reduction mechanism of the motor and a motor lock detecting means detects locking of the motor by detecting the pulse width generated by the rotation synchronization sensor. Also, an actuation stopping arrangement stops the actuation of an actuation device which supplies current to the motor if a signal is generated by the detection apparatus that detects locking of the motor.

Abstract: A device for opening and closing a vehicle top by rotations of drive shafts rotatably provided with both right and left sides of the vehicle, comprises two individual motors which actuate the individual drive shafts through speed reduction mechanisms, switching relays which switch the direction of rotation of both said motors respectively, switching relay actuation transistors which individually actuate both the switching relays, top-open and top-close command switches which command the opening and closing of said vehicle top, a switch command determination means which ascertains whether the top-open or top-close command switches are operated, an actuation means which conducts the top opening or closing by actuation of said switching relays via said switching relay actuation transistors on the basis of a signal from the switch command determination means when the top-open or top-close command switches are operated, rotation synchronization sensors which are possessed by at least one of the two motors and gene

Abstract: A flat-type torque converter wherein a toroid is formed of a turbine having a plate-worked turbine blade, a pump having a plate-worked pump blade and a stotor having a cast-iron stator blade, and a ratio L.sub.1 /(r.sub.2 --r.sub.1) of a toroid axial dimension L.sub.1 to its radial dimension (r.sub.2 --r.sub.1) lines between 0.67 and 0.87, a ratio r.sub.1 /r.sub.2 of a toroid internal radius r.sub.1 to its external radius r.sub.2 lies between 0.39 and 0.46, and the converter has a small axial thickness; characterized by that a wall thickness of the stator blade is made small so that an effective passage cross section inside the stator blade can be secured, a flow-in side tip edge of the stator blade is formed into a flat-shape, a core-side and a shell-side of the stator blade are formed by being twisted, and a core-side length of the stator blade is fabricated as long as possible.