Abstract: A robotic surgical system comprising at least two robotic arms having co-ordinate systems known relative to each other, one of the arms carrying an X-ray source, and the other an imaging detector plate. The arms are disposed to enable an image to be generated on the region of interest of a subject. One of the arms can additionally or alternatively carry a surgical tool or tool holder, such that the pose of the tool is known in the same co-ordinate system as that of an image generated by the X-ray source and detector. Consequently, any surgical procedure planned on such an X-ray image can be executed by the tool with high accuracy, since the tool position is known in the image frame of reference. This enables the surgeon to accurately position his tool in a real-time image without the need for an external registration procedure.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for capturing a single image with multiple exposures is provided. An imaging device may be provided comprising a source configured to emit a wave for a time period and a detector configured to receive a signal indicative of the wave. A wave may be emitted for a time period and a signal may be received indicative of the emitted wave. A first image dataset may be saved with a first timestamp referencing a first time within the time period. A second image dataset may be saved with a second timestamp referencing a second time within the time period. The second time may occur after the first time.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for defining a path for a robotic arm are provided. One or more no-fly zones may be generated. The one or more no-fly zones correspond to a section of a work volume defined as inaccessible to a robotic arm and the work volume is defined as accessible to the robotic arm. A pose of an object may be determined and an obstacles map based on the determined pose and known dimensions of the object may be generated. A path for the robotic arm may be defined that avoids collision with the object identified in the obstacles map and avoiding the one or more no-fly zones.

Abstract: Systems and methods for changing an end effector are provided. A robot flange may have a first receiver and a first electrical connection. An end effector may have a second receiver, a second electrical connection, and a locking assembly. The locking assembly may be configured to releasably secure the end effector to the robot flange. A connector may have an interface and an electrical connector for transferring at least one of power and data from the first electrical connection to the second electrical connection. The interface may be received by the first receiver and the second receiver when the connector is positioned between the robot flange and the end effector and the locking assembly secures the end effector to the robot flange.

Abstract: Systems and methods for registering one or more anatomical elements are provided. The system may comprise an imaging device and a navigation system configured to track a pose of a marker coupled to an object and configured to identify the marker. A first image may be received from a surgical plan. Pose information describing the pose of the marker and a marker identification of the marker may be obtained from the navigation system. An object identification based on the marker identification may be retrieved from a database. Image data of a second image depicting an anatomical element and the object may be obtained from the imaging device. The image data, the pose information, and the object identification may be input into a registration model. The registration model may be configured to register the anatomical element to the first image based on the pose information and the object identification.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for planning a path are provided. A work volume and one or more no-fly zones may be mapped. The work volume may define a volume in which a robot may access and each of the one or more no-fly zones may define at least one volume in which a robot is restricted from accessing. Information may be received about a position of at least one instrument and a void volume may be calculated based on the position of the at least one instrument. The work volume may be updated to include the void volume to yield an updated work volume. A path may be calculated for a robotic arm of a robot from outside a patient anatomy to within the patient anatomy that is within the updated work volume and avoids the one or more no-fly zones.

Abstract: Systems and methods for planning a surgical procedure are provided. Information corresponding to an examination of a patient and an image of the patient may be received. The information and the image may be inputted into an analytical model configured to identify a pathology location. A needed surgical modification of the patient anatomy may be automatically identified. At least a portion of an anatomical element in a three-dimensional model of the patient anatomy may be automatically labeled.

Abstract: A system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a processor; and at least one inertial sensor having a known physical relationship with a tracked object in a first pose, the at least one inertial sensor providing a measurement indicative of a movement of the tracked object from the first pose to a second pose, wherein the processor determines the second pose of the tracked object based, at least in part, on the measurement provided by the at least one inertial sensor.

Abstract: A method of aligning an imaging device in connection with robotic surgery includes causing a robot to position a reference target over a body of a patient; receiving image data from an imaging device; identifying, with an image processing algorithm, at least a first portion of an anatomical element in the image data; identifying, with a target detection algorithm, at least a first portion of a reference target in the image data; comparing a determined location of the imaging device, the reference target, and the anatomical element to yield a location determination and causing at least one of the robot to re-position the reference target or the imaging device to re-position.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring a surgical procedure are provided. A coordinate system of a first robotic arm and a second robotic arm may be co-registered or correlated to each other. One or more poses of an imaging device may be determined to provide real-time intraoperative imaging of a region of interest during a surgical procedure. Anatomical elements may be identified in the real-time images of the region of interest from which a surgical tool should maintain a predetermined distance. The surgical tool may be prevented from approaching the identified anatomical elements by less than a predetermined distance using the co-registration of the coordinate systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for a robotic arm guide used as a depth stop. For example, a system for positioning a surgical tool includes a surgical robotic system having a robot arm with a guide sleeve, the guide sleeve defining axial and lateral directions. The system is further configured to (i) receive a surgical plan associated with a subject, the surgical plan including three-dimensional preoperative data related to the subject, (ii) determine, based on the surgical plan, a desired trajectory of a distal end of the surgical tool as the surgical tool is inserted into the guide sleeve, and (iii) transmit one or more control signals to the surgical robotic system, causing the surgical robotic system to orient and position the guide sleeve such that the distal end of the surgical tool follows the desired trajectory when the surgical tool is inserted in the guide sleeve.

Abstract: A method according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes receiving a computed tomography (CT) image of a patient; segmenting a first set of anatomical elements from the CT image; receiving a plurality of fluoroscopy images of the patient; segmenting a second set of anatomical elements from the plurality of fluoroscopy images; and creating a registration between the CT image and the plurality of fluoroscopy images based on the segmented first set of anatomical elements and the segmented second set of anatomical elements.

Abstract: A system comprises a neuromonitoring system configured to generate nerve data regarding a state of a nerve of a patient during a surgical procedure on the patient. The system includes a robotic system configured to receive or generate, for the surgical procedure, location data that identifies a location of the nerve of the patient. The robotic system may cause the neuromonitoring system to be in either an active state or an inactive state based on the location data, where the active state is a state in which the neuromonitoring system provides the nerve data to the robotic system, while the inactive state is a state in which the neuromonitoring system does not provide the nerve data to the robotic system. The robotic system may further generate at least one control signal that implements one or more safeguards for the surgical procedure.

Abstract: A system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a processor; and a memory storing instructions thereon that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: identify, based on first imaging data associated with an object, a boundary region corresponding to a shape of the object; identify at least one voxel included in second imaging data associated with the object, where the at least one voxel is located outside the boundary region; and generate a multidimensional image volume corresponding to the object using the second imaging data, where generating the multidimensional image volume is with respect to one or more criteria associated with voxels located outside the boundary region.

Abstract: Methods and systems for monitoring a rod reduction process is provided. The methods and systems include determining, based on at least one parameter, a threshold for forces exerted by a tool on a rod or a pedicle screw and receiving data corresponding to a magnitude of the forces exerted by the tool on the pedicle screw or the rod during reduction of the rod into a head of the pedicle screw. A surgical plan may be updated when the monitored magnitude meets the threshold.

Abstract: A spinal stabilization system includes a plurality of anchors and at least one bridge. Each anchor includes a clamp configured to engage an anatomical element, the clamp movable between a fully open position and a fully closed position; a locking screw configured to selectively prevent the clamp from being moved into the fully open position; and a bridge interface. The at least one bridge is a rigid member having a first end and a second end opposite the first end, each of the first end and the second end having an anchor interface. The bridge interface is configured to receive the anchor interface.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating multiple registrations is provided. An image depicting a portion of a patient's anatomy and a tracking device affixed to an accurate robot may be received. A first registration of a patient coordinate space to a robotic coordinate space may be generated based on the image. A second registration of the patient coordinate space to a navigation coordinate space based at least in part on a position of second markers on the tracking device detected by a navigation system may be generated. The first registration and the second registration may be independent of each other.

Abstract: An interbody tool may include an upper portion with an upper contact surface and a plurality of upper legs; a lower portion with a lower contact surface and a plurality of lower legs, each of the lower legs movably connected to one of the upper legs; a plurality of gauges, each gauge configured to measure a position of one of the plurality of upper legs relative to a corresponding one of the plurality of lower legs; at least one actuator configured to selectively push the upper portion away from the lower portion; and at least one sensor for measuring a force exerted by the at least one actuator.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a corrected image is provided. A plurality of poses for an imaging device may be calculated based on information about an object within a patient's anatomy. An image may be received from the imaging device at each pose of the plurality of poses to yield an image set. Each image may depict at least a portion of an anatomical element of the patient and an object. A set of saturated areas in which the object has caused saturated attenuation, and a set of unsaturated areas in which the object has not caused saturated attenuation may be identified in the images of the image set. A corrected image may be generated by combining data from the set of unsaturated areas, the corrected image depicting the anatomical feature with fewer than all of the saturated areas in the set of saturated areas.

Abstract: A hand held robotic system that remains stiff so long as it is operating within allowed limits, but which become actively controlled once the operator exceeds those limits. The system thus corrects deviations by more than a predetermined amount of the operator's hand motions, so that the tool remains in the allowed region even when the operator's hand deviates from the planned trajectory. The pose and path of the robotic operating head is ascertained by means of a navigation or tracking system, or by means of a proximity device to measure the closeness of the operating head to a damage sensitive feature. As the tool deviates from its predetermined path or pose, or comes too close to the hazardous area, the robot control acts to move the tool back to its predetermined pose or path, or away from the hazardous region, independently of user's hand movement.