Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting, monitoring, and accounting for anatomical motion is provided. An initial contact between a first robotic arm and an anatomical element of a patient is detected based on information received from at least one internal sensor of the first robotic arm. A position of the anatomical element is determined based on the information. The determined position is compared to an expected position of the anatomical element. A tool trajectory of a second robotic arm is updated when the determined position is offset from the expected position.

Abstract: A system comprises a robotic arm in a robotic arm coordinate system, a camera in a fixed pose in a navigation coordinate system, at least one processor, and memory including instructions that when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to determine a pose of the robotic arm within the navigation coordinate system, map the robotic arm coordinate system to the navigation coordinate system based on the pose of the robotic arm, and control, based on output of the camera, the robotic arm in the navigation coordinate system.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for capturing a single image with multiple exposures is provided. An imaging device may be provided comprising a source configured to emit a wave for a time period and a detector configured to receive a signal indicative of the wave. A wave may be emitted for a time period and a signal may be received indicative of the emitted wave. A first image dataset may be saved with a first timestamp referencing a first time within the time period. A second image dataset may be saved with a second timestamp referencing a second time within the time period. The second time may occur after the first time.

Abstract: Systems and methods for changing an end effector are provided. A robot flange may have a first receiver and a first electrical connection. An end effector may have a second receiver, a second electrical connection, and a locking assembly. The locking assembly may be configured to releasably secure the end effector to the robot flange. A connector may have an interface and an electrical connector for transferring at least one of power and data from the first electrical connection to the second electrical connection. The interface may be received by the first receiver and the second receiver when the connector is positioned between the robot flange and the end effector and the locking assembly secures the end effector to the robot flange.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for defining a path for a robotic arm are provided. One or more no-fly zones may be generated. The one or more no-fly zones correspond to a section of a work volume defined as inaccessible to a robotic arm and the work volume is defined as accessible to the robotic arm. A pose of an object may be determined and an obstacles map based on the determined pose and known dimensions of the object may be generated. A path for the robotic arm may be defined that avoids collision with the object identified in the obstacles map and avoiding the one or more no-fly zones.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for planning a path are provided. A work volume and one or more no-fly zones may be mapped. The work volume may define a volume in which a robot may access and each of the one or more no-fly zones may define at least one volume in which a robot is restricted from accessing. Information may be received about a position of at least one instrument and a void volume may be calculated based on the position of the at least one instrument. The work volume may be updated to include the void volume to yield an updated work volume. A path may be calculated for a robotic arm of a robot from outside a patient anatomy to within the patient anatomy that is within the updated work volume and avoids the one or more no-fly zones.

Abstract: Systems and methods for registering one or more anatomical elements are provided. The system may comprise an imaging device and a navigation system configured to track a pose of a marker coupled to an object and configured to identify the marker. A first image may be received from a surgical plan. Pose information describing the pose of the marker and a marker identification of the marker may be obtained from the navigation system. An object identification based on the marker identification may be retrieved from a database. Image data of a second image depicting an anatomical element and the object may be obtained from the imaging device. The image data, the pose information, and the object identification may be input into a registration model. The registration model may be configured to register the anatomical element to the first image based on the pose information and the object identification.

Abstract: Systems and methods for planning a surgical procedure are provided. Information corresponding to an examination of a patient and an image of the patient may be received. The information and the image may be inputted into an analytical model configured to identify a pathology location. A needed surgical modification of the patient anatomy may be automatically identified. At least a portion of an anatomical element in a three-dimensional model of the patient anatomy may be automatically labeled.

Abstract: A system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a processor; and at least one inertial sensor having a known physical relationship with a tracked object in a first pose, the at least one inertial sensor providing a measurement indicative of a movement of the tracked object from the first pose to a second pose, wherein the processor determines the second pose of the tracked object based, at least in part, on the measurement provided by the at least one inertial sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring a surgical procedure are provided. A coordinate system of a first robotic arm and a second robotic arm may be co-registered or correlated to each other. One or more poses of an imaging device may be determined to provide real-time intraoperative imaging of a region of interest during a surgical procedure. Anatomical elements may be identified in the real-time images of the region of interest from which a surgical tool should maintain a predetermined distance. The surgical tool may be prevented from approaching the identified anatomical elements by less than a predetermined distance using the co-registration of the coordinate systems.

Abstract: A system comprises a neuromonitoring system configured to generate nerve data regarding a state of a nerve of a patient during a surgical procedure on the patient. The system includes a robotic system configured to receive or generate, for the surgical procedure, location data that identifies a location of the nerve of the patient. The robotic system may cause the neuromonitoring system to be in either an active state or an inactive state based on the location data, where the active state is a state in which the neuromonitoring system provides the nerve data to the robotic system, while the inactive state is a state in which the neuromonitoring system does not provide the nerve data to the robotic system. The robotic system may further generate at least one control signal that implements one or more safeguards for the surgical procedure.

Abstract: A method according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes receiving a computed tomography (CT) image of a patient; segmenting a first set of anatomical elements from the CT image; receiving a plurality of fluoroscopy images of the patient; segmenting a second set of anatomical elements from the plurality of fluoroscopy images; and creating a registration between the CT image and the plurality of fluoroscopy images based on the segmented first set of anatomical elements and the segmented second set of anatomical elements.

Abstract: Methods and systems for monitoring a rod reduction process is provided. The methods and systems include determining, based on at least one parameter, a threshold for forces exerted by a tool on a rod or a pedicle screw and receiving data corresponding to a magnitude of the forces exerted by the tool on the pedicle screw or the rod during reduction of the rod into a head of the pedicle screw. A surgical plan may be updated when the monitored magnitude meets the threshold.

Abstract: A system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a processor; and a memory storing instructions thereon that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: identify, based on first imaging data associated with an object, a boundary region corresponding to a shape of the object; identify at least one voxel included in second imaging data associated with the object, where the at least one voxel is located outside the boundary region; and generate a multidimensional image volume corresponding to the object using the second imaging data, where generating the multidimensional image volume is with respect to one or more criteria associated with voxels located outside the boundary region.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating multiple registrations is provided. An image depicting a portion of a patient's anatomy and a tracking device affixed to an accurate robot may be received. A first registration of a patient coordinate space to a robotic coordinate space may be generated based on the image. A second registration of the patient coordinate space to a navigation coordinate space based at least in part on a position of second markers on the tracking device detected by a navigation system may be generated. The first registration and the second registration may be independent of each other.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a corrected image is provided. A plurality of poses for an imaging device may be calculated based on information about an object within a patient's anatomy. An image may be received from the imaging device at each pose of the plurality of poses to yield an image set. Each image may depict at least a portion of an anatomical element of the patient and an object. A set of saturated areas in which the object has caused saturated attenuation, and a set of unsaturated areas in which the object has not caused saturated attenuation may be identified in the images of the image set. A corrected image may be generated by combining data from the set of unsaturated areas, the corrected image depicting the anatomical feature with fewer than all of the saturated areas in the set of saturated areas.

Abstract: Registering a robotic coordinate system defined by a robotic system and a navigation coordinate system defined by a tracking system localizer. The registration includes: determining a robotic coordinate system between a first portion of the robotic system and a subject separate from the first portion of the robotic system; connecting a fiducial marker at a first known position relative to the robotic coordinate system and relative to the first portion of the robotic system; acquiring a fiducial image at an initial time with an imaging system of the fiducial marker; detecting the acquisition of the fiducial image with the imaging system at the initial time with a detector; and sending a command to determine or record an initial position of at least one of the first portion of the robotic system or the robotic coordinate system at the initial time.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for drilling an anatomical element are provided. A drill bit may comprise a coaxial hollow shaft in communication with a plurality of apertures disposed on a surface of the drill bit. A fluid inlet may be in fluid communication with the coaxial hollow shaft via a selectively openable valve. The fluid inlet may be configured to receive pressurized fluid. When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid may be released into the coaxial hollow shaft, and when at least one of the plurality of apertures is not blocked, the pressurized fluid may be released through the at least one aperture of the plurality of apertures.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for robot integrated segmental tracking are described. A system determines first positional information of one or more objects based on three-dimensional first image data captured by an imaging device, tracking information associated with the one or more objects, or both. The first positional information includes a real-time location of the one or more objects. The system generates an image including a graphical representation of the one or more objects. Generating the image includes positioning the graphical representation of the one or more objects based on a comparison result indicative of a deviation between the first positional information and reference positional information of the one or more objects. The reference positional information includes a registered location of the one or more objects. The system outputs an indication of the deviation between the first positional information and the reference positional information.

Abstract: A surgical tool comprises a dilator, a cutter, a retractable brush, and at least one retractable drill. The dilator is configured to dilate tissue of a patient and can be positioned in an undilated configuration or a dilated configuration. The cutter is configured to cut the tissue and is disposed at a distal end of the dilator. The cutter is configured to move between a cutting position when the dilator is in the undilated configuration and a non-cutting position when the dilator is in the dilated configuration. The retractable brush is configured to brush a surface of an anatomical element of the patient to remove matter from the surface. The at least one retractable drill is configured to drill into the anatomical element.